Synchronous Transformations of Mineral and Organic Constituents of Sedimentary Rocks in Geological Structure with an Initial Extension and Subsequent Compression Tectonic Regime

Sedimentary rocks of the section in the Red River fold zone of northern Viet Nam are considered. It is shown that secondary mineral parageneses formed in two stages. The first stage (35–17 Ma ago) corresponded to the period of structure extension and sediment subsidence to a depth of about 6 km. This period and subsequent 10 Ma were marked by the formation of a usual dia- and catagenetic zoning of metasedimentary rocks. The second stage (5–7 Ma ago) corresponded to processes of compression that were responsible for the deformation of rocks into gentle folds and 1.5 to 2.2 times contraction of the section thickness in different places. The sequential–mineralogical zoning was disturbed at this stage. Smectites and mixed-layer minerals were replaced by chlorites and hydromicas. Organic material also responded to compression simultaneously with inorganic components. The bituminous component was released from humic matter and rocks became enriched in hydrocarbons.     

Infrared and Raman spectroscopy studies of the α–β phase transition in cristobalite

Infrared and Raman spectra of cristobalite are presented as a function of temperature through the phase transition. The modes are assigned and the assignments compared to those of earlier workers. The compatibility of modes at the G-point of the a-phase with the X and G-points of the ß-phase is given. In the transition region of ca. 500–550 K, smooth changes in intensity, frequency and linewidths are seen in many modes, indicative of coexistence of a- and ß-forms.     

The 238U/235U Ratio as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in the Ediacaran Paleobasin (Sequence of the Chaya River,Baikal–Patom Highland,Southern Part of Central Siberia)

Doklady Earth Sciences - Abstract—This article is devoted to a study of variations in the U isotopic composition (238U/235U) in the section of clastic–carbonate Ediacaran sediments...     

Technogenic-tectonic earthquakes of the Dnieper–Donets aulacogen

The Mikhnevo Seismic Group of the Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IGD RAS), and the Malin mini-group in the region of the Dnieper–Donets aulacogen, within which prospecting and mountain-explosion works were carried out from 2007 to 2015 on industrial scales, recorded a series of seismic events. Special attention has been focused on analysis of the nature of three earthquakes in 2015. Application of the spectral discrimination method log(Pg/Lg) and cross-correlation tools allowed us to identify the seismic events in 2015 as a special technogenic-tectonic type.     

Deformations and Structural Evolution of Mesozoic Complexes in Western Chukotka

Detailed structural investigations have been carried out in the Pevek district to specify tectonic evolution of the Chukotka mesozoids. The earliest south-verging folds F1 formed in Triassic rocks at the first deformation stage DI. These structures are overlapped by the northern-verging folds F₂ and overthrusts pertain to the second deformation stage DII. Folding structures F₁ and F₂ were deformed by shear folds F₃, completing stage DII. The DI and DII structures are complicated by roughly NS-trending normal faults marking deformation stage DIII. It has been established that DI is related to the onset of opening of the Amerasian Basin in the Early Jurassic, or, alternatively, to the later accretion of the Kulpolnei ensimatic arc toward the Chukotka microcontinent. DII marks the collision of Siberia and the Chukotka microcontinent in the Late Neocomian. Normal faulting under the roughly E–W-trending extension during DIII is likely related to rift opening of the Podvodnikov and Makarov–Toll basins in the deep Amerasian Basin. Formation of the Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanoplutonic belt completed the structural evolution of the studied region.     

The drift model for AXPs and SGRs in the light of new observtional data

The latest observational data are analyzed to investigate their consistency with two known models for anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) and soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs): the magnetar and drift models. The results of spectral measurements disagree with the predictions of theories that assume the presence of super-strong magnetic fields on AXPs and SGRs and associated processes for the generation of electron-positron plasma in the upper layers of the neutron-star magnetosphere. We present arguments against the use of magnetic-dipole braking for these objects. The rotational periods P, period derivatives dP/dt, and magnetic fields B of known AXPs and SGRs are calculated for the drift model. The mean values of these parameters in the sample used are 〈P〉 = 108 ms and 〈log B _s [G]〉 = 12.08. Overall, the measured profiles, polarizations, and spectra can be brought into agreement with the drift model.     

Observations of Tilt Deformations in Moscow during the November 12, 2017, Earthquake at the Iran–Iraq Boundary

Doklady Earth Sciences - A residual tilt after a teleseismic earthquake is described in this work. The results of static and dynamic modeling of this event fit the measured values. The conditions...     

Trace element distribution in sphalerites from Pb−Zn-ore occurrences of the Eastern Alps

Summary With secondary ion mass spectrometry as a new analytical method, which grants trace element determination in the microscale at the ppma-level and below, the abundance, distribution, and correlation of Mn, Fe, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Hg, Tl, and Pb in sphalerites from different occurrences of the Eastern Alps were studied. On the whole the trace element characteristics known from average analyses is confirmed also in the microscale, but in different crystallization stages of one and the same deposit considerable variations can be found. Also in the correlation of elements great differences exist. The eminent inhomogeneity in trace element distribution is an indication for the presence of microcrystals. Thus the assumed Tl-content of already mentioned Pb-As-S-microphases has been confirmed in these investigations.

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Mikrobereichs-Spurenelementcharakterisierung von Zinkblenden aus ostalpinen Pb–Zn-Vorkommen

Zusammenfassung Mit der Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie als neuer analytischen Methode, die die Spurenbestimmung im Mikrobereich bis in den ppma-Bereich und darunter gestattet, wurde Anwesenheit, Verteilung und Korrelierbarkeit von Mn, Fe, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Hg, Tl und Pb in Zinkblenden aus verschiedenen ostalpinen Vorkommen untersucht. Im großen und ganzen wird die aus Durchschnittsanalysen bekannte generelle Spurenelementcharakteristik auch im Mikrobereich bestätigt, doch sind in verschiedenen Kristallisationsphasen von Proben ein und derselben Lagerstätte beträchtliche Variationen festzustellen. Weiters können auch in der Korrelierbarkeit der Begleitelemente große Unterschiede gefunden werden. Die ausgeprägten Inhomogenitäten in der Elementverteilung können auch Hinweise für das Vorliegen kleinster Mikrokristallausscheidungen liefern. So konnte der vermutete Tl-Gehalt der bereits bekannten Pb-As-S-Mikrophasen bestätigt werden.

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With 7 Figures

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The abbreviations, ppma for atomic parts per million, and ppm for parts per million, will be used throughout.     

Use of sparse iterative methods for the resolution of three-dimensional soil/structure interaction problems

In this paper we present a study of the performance of sparse iterative solvers regarding the resolution of three-dimensional and non-linear problems encountered in soil/structure interaction. It is composed of two parts. In the first one, we present briefly iterative methods and preconditioners used in this study, then we analyse their performance on three soil/structure interaction problems: a shallow foundation under a vertical loading, a single pile subjected to a lateral loading and the construction of a lined tunnel in a soft soil. Tests are performed assuming an elastic–perfectly plastic constitutive law for the soil material with a non-associated Mohr–Coulomb flow rule. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.