5 000 a来柴达木盆地东南缘风成沉积记录的冬季风演化

 通过柴达木盆地东南缘下西台剖面风成沉积粒度组成、元素含量等指标的分析,重建了该区5 000 a来冬季风的演化历史。其可划分为4个阶段：5 300~4 300 a BP和2 900~930 a BP时期冬季风较弱;4 300~2 900 a BP和930 a BP以来冬季风较强。同时,该记录揭示了两次气候突变事件： 3 960~3 720 a BP,冬季风急剧减弱;而1 700~1 400 a BP冬季风增强。重建结果与其他记录具有很好的可比性。在千年尺度上,下西台剖面所记录的冬季风演化与格陵兰冰芯的粉尘记录存在一定的联系,意味着源区近地面风场的变化在全球粉尘循环过程中起着重要的作用。柴达木盆地可能为东亚粉尘远程输送的主要源区之一。     

赞皇杂岩中太古宙末期菅等钾质花岗岩的成因及动力学背景

赞皇杂岩中的菅等花岗岩体位于临城县西北,主要由钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩组成,偶见暗色包体。菅等花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U Pb年龄为（2 490±13） Ma。岩石具有高硅（SiO2 743%～754%）、高钾（K2O 576%～937%）、富碱（ALK 616%～951%）、贫钙（CaO 014%～081%）、低镁、铁（MgO 002%～049%,TFeO 026%～105%）和钛（TiO2 004%～015%）的特征,A/CNK=097～107,为弱过铝质的钾玄岩系列。岩石的稀土总量较低（ΣREE=（1207～16038）×10-6）,轻稀土相对富集,Eu异常变化较大（Eu/Eu*=046～197）。岩石富Rb、Ba和Th等元素,贫Sr、Zr、Nb、Y、Yb等元素,具有较高Rb/Sr和Rb/Ba值以及较低的Y/Nb值。菅等花岗岩具有正的εNd(t)值（285～366）,两阶段Nd模式年龄TDM2集中于255～264 Ga。石英闪长岩包体SHRIMP锆石U Pb年龄为（2 506±13） Ma,高铝（Al2O3 1716%）、富钙（CaO 434%）、高钠（Na2O 447%）、富铁（TFeO 526%）,高Rb、高Sr、高Zr,稀土总量较高（ΣREE=21282×10-6）,有弱的负Eu异常（Eu /Eu*=083）,具TTG岩类的特征;该包体岩石具有正的εNd(t)值（305）,两阶段Nd模式年龄TDM2为263 Ga。这些特征显示菅等花岗岩具有同碰撞和后碰撞的S型花岗岩的特征,为新生地壳在由挤压向伸展转换的构造背景下部分熔融所形成,石英闪长质包体为源区残留的岩石。这期钾质花岗岩的形成,标志着华北克拉通太古宙末期岩浆事件的结束以及稳定陆壳的形成。     

莒县三措并举切实搞好耕地保护工作

为贯彻落实国务院、省政府、市政府关于耕地保护责任目标考核要求,切实加强耕地保护工作,一年来,莒县采取有效措施,切实加强领导,落实责任,狠抓管理,较好地完成了市政府下达的耕地保护目标任务。     

甘肃北山某地区晚古生代火山岩建造与铀成矿作用

北山地区晚古生代火山岩建造比较发育,是热液型和火山岩型矿床成矿的有利地段。本文从火山岩的分布、岩石组合、火山岩相、火山岩喷发方式及韵律、岩石化学成分及微量元素等方面,详细论述了该地区中、晚泥盆世火山岩建造的特征及其与铀成矿作用的关系,分析了火山机制控矿作用,总结了晚古生代火山岩建造中铀的成矿条件和规律,为今后在该地区寻找热液型和火山岩型铀矿床具有一定的指导意义。     

Assessing estuarine environmental quality using fish-based indices: performance evaluation under climatic instability

The seasonal variation of five selected multimetric indices for the determination of the Ecological Quality Status (EQS) of transitional waters was evaluated, as well as the indices’ responses to an extreme drought event that occurred in 2005. The database used regards the Mondego River estuary, which was sampled from June 2003 to August 2006 on a monthly basis. Among the selected indices (EBI - Deegan et al. [Deegan, L., Finn, J.T., Ayvazlan, S.G., Ryder-Kieffer, C.A., Buonaccoesi, J., 1997. Development and validation of an Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index. Estuaries 30(3), 601-617], EDI - Borja et al. [Borja, A., Franco, J., Valencia, V., Bald, J., Muxika, I., Belzunce, M.J., Solaun, O., 2004. Implementation of the European Water Framework Directive from the Basque Country (northern Spain): a methodological approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(3-4), 209-218], EFCI - Harrison and Whitfield [Harrison, T.D., Whitfield, A.K., 2004. A multi-metric fish index to assess the environmental condition of estuaries. Journal of Fish Biology 65, 683-710], EBI - Breine et al. [Breine, J.J., Maes, J., Quataert, P., Van den Bergh, E., Simoens, I., Van Thuyne, G., Belpaire, C., 2007. A fish-based assessment tool for the ecological quality of the brackish Scheldt estuary in Flanders (Belgium). Hydrobiologia 575, 141-159] and TFCI - Coates et al. [Coates, S., Waugh, A., Anwar, A., Robson, M., 2007. Efficacy of a multi-metric fish index as an analysis tool for the transitional fish component of the Water Framework Directive. Marine Pollution Bulletin 55, 225-240]), the EBI by Breine et al. (2007) was the only that evidenced clear interannual and seasonal variations. The EQS by the several indices ranged from “Low” to “High”, depending on the index considered, evidencing the high level of mismatch between indices. The results are discussed in the scope of the EU Water Framework Directive, regarding monitoring strategies, application of indices and EQS assessment.     

Institutional conditions for IWRM: the Israeli case

Many places in the world are experiencing a water crisis. This water crisis is attributed to a governance crisis, whereas often fragmented institutional and physical water structures are used to explain a policy of overexploitation. The Israeli water system, which adopted integrated water resource management (IWRM), is often cited as a model for other countries struggling with fragmented water systems. Yet, despite the exceptional degree of integration, Israel in the past two decades has adopted an unsustainable water policy. The aim of this study is to understand this failure and thereby to postulate on the institutional conditions required for successful implementation of IWRM. The study focuses on the politics of water allocation during the drought of 1999 to 2002. It was found that the failure originates in setting administrative divisions in the decision-making process and in differential checks, with no balances implicitly instituted within the integrated water system. These two factors have resulted in a water system that is physically integrated but is not coupled by a balanced institutional structure. This case study teaches us that when reforming the water sector along IWRM lines, measures must be taken to ensure that the physical integration coincides with a balanced institutional integration-otherwise the results may be worse than if there were no integration at all.     

Organochlorine pesticides in fish from the southern Baltic Sea: levels, bioaccumulation features and temporal trends during the 1995-2006 period

The levels of HCH isomers, HCB and summation DDTs were determined in five species of Baltic fish collected during 1995-2006. Some downward time trends of HCH isomer, pp'-DDE and pp'-DDD concentrations in Baltic fish were observed; in contrast, HCB and DDT concentrations did not exhibit any obvious trend. Concentrations of summation HCHs expressed on a lipid weight basis were very similar in all species studied. In contrast, concentrations of summation DDTs varied in tested species. The most abundant HCH isomer was beta-HCH and among DDT-related compounds, pp'-DDE prevailed. In our investigations the sampling sites were not a crucial factor for organochlorine pesticide concentrations and patterns observed in fish, but the occurrence of several inter-species differences in the bioaccumulation features of OC pesticides were observed. For cod there was a positive correlation between fish size (length) and summation DDT concentration. In herring, sprat and salmon samples, summation DDT concentrations were negatively correlated with fat content.     

Continuous flushing of contaminants from ballast water tanks

The transport of non-indigenous species (NIS) with ship ballast water is a major environmental problem. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) have recommended that ballast tanks are flushed through with sea water to remove NIS contaminants. The flushing efficiency is studied using mathematical models and a scaled experimental model of a ballast tank. The density contrast between the ballast water and water used for flushing is important when the Froude number Fr(w)=U(w)/sqr rt|g(')|H < 1 (defined in terms of average horizontal flow U(w), reduced buoyancy g', and H the vertical dimension in the tank). When denser water is used to flush a ballast tank, from below, it efficiently displaces lighter ballast water; but flushing through with light water creates a buoyant gravity current which effectively short circuits part of the tank. When Fr(w)>1, the density contrast between the ballast water and water used for flushing is not important and flushing is controlled by a bulk Péclet number, Pe(w). For Pe(w)<1 perfect mixing occurs, while for Pe(w)>1 displacement flushing occurs. Laboratory experiments of flushing were performed using a model two-dimensional ballast tank employing dye attenuation to measure the whole concentration field and these experiments confirm the essential features of the mathematical models. The results of this study are discussed in the context of current IMO flushing protocols.     

A survey of antifoulants in sediments from Ports and Marinas along the French Mediterranean coast

Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211^TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g⁻¹dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g⁻¹dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g⁻¹dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g⁻¹dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler).