探测冰盖和多年冻土层的融冰探头研发

The exploration of ice sheets by melting vertical holes into the ground has some tradition in terrestrial glaciology. Such probes have been used since the 1960's to investigate the vertical structure of the ice in Greenland and Antarctica and in alpine glaciers. In this paper we look into the possibility to develop similar devices for use on extraterrestrial icy bodies, like e.g. the polar areas on Mars or the icy satellites of the outer solar system. We report on some basic experiments performed in the cryo-vacuum laboratory of the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz. In these experiments the penetration of a simple melting probe into compact and porous water ice (with a snow-like texture) was monitored, both under vacuum conditions and under air pressure. The observed penetration speeds for a given power supply are compared with a simple mathematical model. We conclude that a miniature melting probe with small overall dimensions and a reasonable power demand could well be part of the payload of a future planetary mission, for example to the poles of Mars. Such missions are currently under discussion in several space agencies. Moreover such probes could also e? ectively be used in terrestrial environments. A possible design is presented at the end of the paper.     

磷对金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿性能的影响

在金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿基体中添加不同量红磷，可降低复合齿烧结温度，实现低温活化烧结。研究表明：添加0．3％(ωB)P的复合齿基体性能最好，采用化学镀Ni-P合金添加P和球磨添加0．1％P的方式，复合齿超硬部分的磨耗比和复合齿的抗冲击功优于单纯通过球磨添加0．3％P的超硬复合齿。为了实现金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿的低温活化烧结，磷元素最优的添加方式是化学镀结合球磨的添加方式。     

科尔沁沙地土地沙漠化的历史与现状

科尔沁沙地是我国自然条件相对较好的一个沙地，有着广阔的治理前景。回顾科尔沁沙地的历史变化，认为科尔沁沙地是一个全球气候变化大趋势下由人类生产活动过度而形成的沙漠化区域，在金代至清代之间由于人为活动强度减弱，曾经发生明显的沙漠化逆转。根据全国沙漠化普查所获得的资料，研究分析了科尔沁沙地土地沙漠化现状及其特点，结合土地沙漠化发生的历史过程，讨论了这一地区沙漠化的治理策略。     

海南博螯沿岸地貌与人类活动的潜在影响

The Boao coastal system along the eastern coast of Hainan Island is a dynamic delta-tidal inlet-barrier formed during the late Holocene. The delta developed inside a shallow lagoon barred by a sandy barrier with a narrow, shallow tidal inlet opening. Two major distributary channels separated by small islands characterize the delta. The lagoon is silting up receiving and trapping sediments from both the river and, in minor measure during storms, through the tidal inlet opening and barrier washovers. The barrier at the tidal inlet is highly dynamic and changes its form, accreting (migrating spit) against the inlet during fair-weather conditions and being eroded during storms and river floods.The delta has almost completely filled the lagoon and major concerns exist on the effect that ongoing large development plans may have on the environment. These concerns include the effect on floods and rate of siltation once banks of the islands have been stabilized and floodwater and sediment load are impeded from spreading over the lowlands, and the effect of increasing pollutant loads from the new facilities on the ecosystems of the increasingly restricting lagoon water and on the seashores.     

Unique Marine Olenekian-Anisian Boundary Section from South Primorye, Russian Far East

INTRODUCTION LateOlenekianandAnisianmarinedepositsin SouthPrimoryewerefirststudiedbyD.L.Ivanov,thechiefofageologicalteammakingreconnaissance workfortheconstructionofthetrans Siberianrail road.HecollectedEarlyandMiddleTriassicam monoidsonRussianIsland.Arep…     

西澳大利亚伊尔冈地块东部金矿田省太古宙地壳的演化

对西澳大利亚东部金矿田省太古宙花岗岩—绿岩地壳发展的几个不同模式作了系统的阐述。由于缺少以下几个方面资料,引起了许多争论: 1)绿岩和花岗岩的连续出露。 2)具有充分的区域的综合性多学科研究。 3)在对岩套研究中,用几种同位素方法进行补充的地质年代和岩石成因方面的研究。 4)标准地区的详细地球物理资料。     

陕西双王金矿床角砾岩动力学成因探讨

双王金矿可拼性含金角砾岩是流体致裂角砾岩,而不是构造角砾岩或隐爆角砾岩。该区的深源异常高压流体是角砾岩产生的必要条件。角砾岩的动力学成因主要是区域变质作用、地壳隆升剥蚀作用和地下岩浆活动等形成异常高压流体,在重力、浮力和地热梯度的驱动下,在能干性强的岩石中产生裂隙,并向浅部增殖,被碳酸盐矿物等充填胶结。周而复始的流体压裂—沉淀愈合作用,使金多次富集,形成矿体。     

探地雷达(GPR)在海南岛东北部海岸带调查中的应用 *

对海南岛东北部海岸带调查采用了探地雷达(GPR)研究海岸带沙体的结构、展布和沉积序列,取得了很好的效果。文章通过和有限的露头资料对比以及对反射波形态、结构的研究,确定了海滩脊、海岸沙丘的反射特征以及潜水面的位置。雷达图像显示五龙港古海滩脊由亚水平、不连续、高振幅和透镜状反射波组成;木兰头海岸沙丘已受到人类活动的扰动,短的、陡倾斜反射可能代表未受扰动的海岸风成沙的前积层。研究表明探地雷达是一种可靠、快速和经济的地球物理方法,在砂砾质海岸可产生高质量、高分辨率和连续的反射剖面,值得加以推广。     

鲁西南地区石炭纪—二叠纪含煤岩系层序地层及聚煤特征

根据钻井、测井和地质等资料,对鲁西南地区石炭纪—二叠纪含煤岩系进行了层序地层学与聚煤作用研究。识别出以区域不整合面、古土壤层底面、海侵方向转换面、下切谷砂体底面为代表的4种类型的层序界面;划分出本溪组、太原组、山西组和下石盒子组中的4个三级层序,从下到上依次为SⅢ1、SⅢ2、SⅢ3及SⅢ4。通过对比研究不同层序的含煤性及煤层的发育特征后认为,形成于分流间湾沼泽环境的SⅢ3煤层发育最好,形成于潟湖与沼泽环境的SⅢ1及SⅢ2煤层发育次之,SⅢ4没有煤层发育。在同一个层序内部,泥炭聚集速率与可容空间增加速率之间的平衡状态决定了煤层的厚度,这种平衡状态保持较长时间是煤层形成的基本条件,而与泥炭聚集有关的可容空间的持续增加需要基准面的不断抬升,因此,发育较好的煤层最可能形成于海侵体系域末期,如SⅢ3的TST末期的3号煤层。     

澳大利亚与元三古代海底喷气矿床伴生的电气石岩

在绿片岩、角闪岩和麻粒岩和变质岩层中，电气石岩和富电气石的沉积物与喷气矿化伴生，它们遭受了中等到强烈的变形，呈连续层状分布于褶皱构造附近，显示出诸如层理、递变层理、交错层理、层内滑动等沉积构造和拉裂构造。在高级变质作用区，它们显示变质结构，通常被再活化而成的石英－电气石脉所穿切。富电气石岩出现在由海底喷气而形成的Pb－Zn－Ag、Cu－Co、Cu－Bi、W、Sn、Au和稀土元素矿化的下部、内部及矿化之上，且在横向上与矿化同期的地层中。在一些地方，电气石岩没有上述矿化现象，也不与花岗质岩石相伴生。电气石的成分是黑电气石－镁电气石，虽反映了其全岩成分，但不能作为矿化的标志。虽然电气石是与花岗岩、交代岩、角砾岩简伴生的普通矿物，但本文描述的富电气石层为山硅电气石前身的变质作用产生的富硼硅质铁建造。它们是一种常见的喷气岩类型，并且常常出现在早－中元古代厚层的泥质变沉积岩和蒸发岩层序中。这就说明硼是由含硼的粘土的淋滤作用或由含硼酸盐的蒸发岩的淋滤作用产生的。