用于大气成分资料时间序列分析的不对称滤波(摘译)

本文论述了利用大气成分月均值资料提取长期趋势和季节循环估计的不对称数字滤波设计。在保证估计信号的均方差增长相对小的前提下,可以减少记录末尾数据的遗失量。     

Gairloch地区Kerry Road含金矿体的地球物理研究

对苏格兰西北部Gairloch地区内超大型铜-锌-金硫化物矿体进行了包括磁法、电法和电磁法的综合地球物理探测。该层状矿床具有很好的导电性,以Loch Maree组为主,属刘易斯(Lewisian)期。虽然其它岩性也产生地球物理场异常,但这组岩性在物理性质上与硫化矿体形成了很好的对照。围绕矿体的很多钻孔提供了良好的地质控制。目的在于寻求不同地球物理方法检测到的各异常问的相关性以及估计这些异常对预测已知地质构造的价值几乎所有的方法都在出露矿化带上方显示出明显的异常,但发现有些方法对隐伏的或导电性差的矿化带的反应优于别的方法。对某一区域内被导电石墨层覆盖的隐伏矿化带,是通过对不同方法找出的异常进行比较后才发现的。典型的地球物理特性与很多岩性相关。这就有可能在隐伏露头区识别出不同的岩性。事实上有几种地球物理方法已经在没有发现过矿化带的地区找出了异常。     

太古宙大型矿床的分布——绿岩带随时间演化的线索之一

金矿化在太古宙绿岩带中的分布是不均匀的:大型(Au>50t)至特大型(Au>1000t)金矿床往往沿着一种特殊的、线型的绿岩地块的长轴方向成串分布,而其它类型的绿岩带却很少矿化。这种含有大型至特大型金矿床的绿岩带的例子是西澳大利亚耶尔岗地块中的Norseman—Wiluna绿岩带和加拿大地盾中的阿比提比绿岩带,两者的发     

Sedimentation History of Neogene Lacustrine Sediments of Su?eo?ka Bela Stena Based on Geochemical Parameters (Valjevo-Mionica Basin, Serbia)

Sediments of the western part of the Valjevo-Mionica basin （Serbia） were examined both geochemically and mineralogically to explain, on the basis of their sedimentologicai characteristics, the causes of changes in their qualitative and quantitative composition. A total of 62 samples obtained from the drillhole at depths up to 400 m was investigated. Using correlation of the obtained data, six geochemical zones were defined, two of which being specially distinguished by their mineralogical, geochemical and sedimentological characteristics. The first one, upper zone A, consists of banded marlstones interbedded with clay and oil shales and is characterized by presence of analcite and searlesite. These minerals and very high contents of Na20 indicate sedimentation in alkaline conditions with increased salinity in arid climate. That provided pronounced water stratification, as well as higher bioproductivity in the basin and sedimentary organic matter preservation. Therefore, the zone A sediments are characterized by high organic matter contents of the type which provides good potential for production of liquid hydrocarbons. Another specific zone, zone F, contains sediments with very high MgO, K2O and Li concentrations. Their geochemical correlation, as well as almost complete absence of illite in this zone, indicates the presence of interstratified clay mineral type illite-saponite （lithium-bearing Mg-smectite）.     

The First Discovery of the Earliest Devonian Conodont Zonal Fossil from the "Gavuu Member" in Mushgai Area of South Gobi,Mongolia

1IntroductionThe study of the Palaeozoic stratigraphy has been carried out in Mongolia for more than 80 years, but merely limited to the benthic macrofossiles. For the last ten years the study of conodonts has been em-ployed in biostratigraphic analyses. But up to now, Palaeozoic conodont sequences in Mongolia have not been recognized. Conodonts as a leading fos-sil group, should be paid much attention for dating ages of the Palaeozoic rocks and for their interna-tional correlations. …     

The Role of Nuclei-Nuclei Interactions in the Production of Gamma-ray Lines in Solar Flares

Dramatic extensions of experimental possibilities (spacecraft RHESSI, CORONAS-F and others) in solar gamma-ray astronomy call for urgent, detailed theoretical consideration of a set of physical problems of solar activity and solar-terrestrial relationships that earlier may have only been outlined. Here we undertake a theoretical analysis of issues related to the production of gamma-radiation in the processes of interactions of energetic (accelerated) heavy and middle nuclei with the nuclei of the solar atmosphere (the so-called i-j interactions). We also make an estimate of the contribution of these interactions to the formation of nuclear and isotopic abundances of the solar atmosphere in the range of light and rare elements. The analysis is carried out for solar flares in the wide range of their intensities. We compare our theoretical estimates with RHESSI observations for the flare of 2002 July 23. It was shown that the 24Mg gamma-ray emission in this event was produced by the newly generated Mg nucle     

Uncertainty analysis of runoff and sedimentation in a forested watershed using sequential uncertainty fitting method

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) was implemented in a small forested watershed of the Soan River Basin in northern Pakistan through application of the sequential uncertainty fitting(SUFI-2) method to investigate the associated uncertainty in runoff and sediment load estimation. The model was calibrated for a 10-year period(1991–2000) with an initial 4-year warm-up period(1987–1990), and was validated for the subsequent 10-year period(2001–2010). The model evaluation indices R~2(the coefficient of determination), NS(the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency), and PBIAS(percent bias) for stream flows simulation indicated that there was a good agreement between the measured and simulated flows. To assess the uncertainty in the model outputs, p-factor(a 95% prediction uncertainty, 95PPU) and r-factors(average wideness width of the 95 PPU band divided by the standard deviation of the observed values) were taken into account. The 95 PPU band bracketed 72% of the observed data during the calibration and 67% during the validation. The r-factor was 0.81 during the calibration and 0.68 during the validation. For monthly sediment yield, the model evaluation coefficients(R~2 and NS) for the calibration were computed as 0.81 and 0.79, respectively; for validation, they were 0.78 and 0.74, respectively. Meanwhile, the 95 PPU covered more than 60% of the observed sediment data during calibration and validation. Moreover, improved model prediction and parameter estimation were observed with the increased number of iterations. However, the model performance became worse after the fourth iterations due to an unreasonable parameter estimation. Overall results indicated the applicability of the SWAT model with moderate levels of uncertainty during the calibration and high levels during the validation. Thus, this calibrated SWAT model can be used for assessment of water balance components, climate change studies, and land use management practices.     

Diamonds and Highly Reduced Minerals from Chromitite of the Ray-Iz Ophiolite of the Polar Urals: Deep Origin of Podiform Chromitites and Ophiolitic Diamonds

<正>The Uralide orogenic belt is a major early Paleozoic suture zone extending more than 3000 km in a N-S direction,and geographically divides Europe from Asia(Chemenda et al.,1997).Ophiolites,podiform chromitites and high pressure metamorphic rocks are well developed in the orogenic belt(Leech and Ernst,2000).The Ray-Iz     

重庆老鼓楼衙署遗址鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)骨骼及其表面痕迹研究

中国考古中发现有弋射活动图像、弋射专用平头箭镞,但一直未发现弋射所获飞禽遗骸.近期,重庆老鼓楼衙署遗址(29°33′13″N,106°34′46″E)考古发掘中,首次出土了一批宋代时期的鸿雁骨骼和早期人类弋射痕迹.骨骼材料包括有胸骨、锁骨、肋骨、肱骨、尺骨、胫骨等,较多骨骼保存比较完整.骨骼测量数据包括:胸骨完整长度为145.2～ 148.8mm,肱骨完整长度为161.0mm,胫骨完整长度为144.0～ 147.0mm等.弋射,是中国先秦至宋元时期针对捕获飞禽而长期延续的专业射猎活动.通过对鸿雁骨骼表面进行显微观测分析,发现有些骨骼上保存有弋射用平头箭镞所造成的破损性孔洞.其破损特征为:箭镞入口处孔洞痕较小,痕迹边缘平滑,痕迹周缘局部呈现向内压入式破裂;箭镞出口处孔洞因受到撞击力放射性扩散,出口面积明显大于入口面积.从箭镞出口处观察,孔洞壁面因平头箭镞撞击,造成局部骨骼呈现碎屑性剥落,使洞壁形态为坡面状;部分碎屑因有骨质纤维与洞壁相连接,所以现在在洞壁坡面上,仍然可以观察到有部分保留的骨质碎屑.弋射用平头箭镞在鸿雁胸骨上留下的孔洞,其整体形态为人口小、出口大的“喇叭口状”.历史时期,鸿雁冬季广泛分布于长江流域避寒、觅食,夏季北迁至蒙古、俄罗斯西伯利亚南部地区栖息、繁殖,其规律性迁徙及集群性活动,成为中国古代先民生产活动中的重要环境参照,并也成为中国思想文化中的重要载体.鸿雁在很早就被人工驯化为中国鹅,成为中国重要的肉蛋家禽品种.重庆老鼓楼衙署遗址鸿雁骨骼的批量出现,是我国考古工作中第一次发现鸿雁骨骼.该批实物资料为分析和认识中国历史时期鸿雁分布范围、活动规律等提供了重要线索.