湍致次生环流的数值研究

本文给出了一个数值模式,用于描述具有横向粗糙度变化的平面上方的湍流场内的次生环流。在此模式中,雷诺平均运动方程组的闭合,采用了代数化的雷诺应力输运方程和k-ε二方程湍流模式。计算结果和实验结果相吻合。本文还讨论了利用数值模式进行参数实验的一些结果。     

海啸地球科学家在应急响应中的作用:以2009年9月29日萨摩亚海啸事件中美国加州的应急响应为例

加州海啸地球科学家与联邦、州和地方政府应急管理人员密切合作来帮助沿海社区防范海啸发生前、海啸过程中、海啸发生后产生的潜在影响。对于远程海啸,来自美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and At mospheric Administration,简称NOAA)西海岸和阿拉斯加海啸预警中心的科学信息(预测模型、浪高、首波到达时间等)是可以利用的。加州应急管理人员必须以简洁明了的方式将海啸信息传达给最终安排在他们的管辖区采取适当应急措施的地方官员。在2009年9月29日萨摩亚海啸预警中,来自加州地质调查局和洪堡州立大学(Humboldt State University)的地球科学家在海啸来临之前为加州应急管理处在与美国国家海洋和大气管理局与其他州和地方应急管理人员进行的远程会议的信息传输方面提供了技术支持。加州地球科学家收集了一些附加的背景资料用于预测美国国家海洋和大气管理局预测模型所没有覆盖到的地区的潮汐条件和浪高。在应急响应过程中,加州地球科学家的参与明确了哪些地区处于危险中,哪些地区遭受海啸袭击的风险低。加州地球科学家参与未来海啸应急响应的行动包括以下方面:与美国国家海洋和大气管理局密切合作来简化其海啸警报信息的传递流程并扩展其预测模型的覆盖面;②为地方应急管理人员制作包括已经存在的海啸的情景资料,作为每次海啸事件的参考;③建立一个州级信息共享中心和一支海啸前应急响应队,以协助地方官员一起观测和报道海啸的影响。     

“旋转地震学与工程应用”专辑引论

旋转地震学是一门全面研究由地震、爆破以及周围环境振动引发的地面旋转运动的新兴学科。对于它的研究不仅有助于物理学家利用地面观测台开展天体源激发引力波(爱因斯坦在1961年曾预言)的探测研究,同时对广泛的地球物理学(包括:强地面运动地震学、宽频带地震学、地震工程学、地震物理学、地震仪表设备、地震灾害、地震构造、大地测量学)的研究也具有重要的指导意义。本专辑引论包括3个方面的内容:(1)某些背景信息;(2)与本专辑有关的最新事件的概述;(3)对51篇文章的综述(包括27篇论文、11篇短文、4篇综述、6篇教材、3篇补充材料)。本文对51篇文章的综述很简短,只对其内容作了简要说明。本专辑中的文章表明:研究地震运动时,不仅要测量平移运动的三分量,同时也应该对旋转运动的三分量以及应力的多分量进行研究;研究地震运动的最佳场地应选择在大震近场(距地震断裂带25km以内),因为那里的非线性岩石及土壤响应对地动的影响较复杂。     

Inorganic and methylmercury: do they transfer along a tropical coastal food web?

Methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (Hg_inorg) were evaluated in the water of a Brazilian estuary, with two size classes of plankton and seven fish species of different feeding habits. Water partition coefficients (PCs) in microplankton were fourfold higher for MeHg than for Hg_inorg; and water PCs in mesoplankton were 26 times higher for MeHg than Hg_inorg. Difference between microplankton and mesoplankton MeHg bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was higher (0.60 log units) than Hg_inorg BAF (0.24 log units), indicating that trophic transfer of MeHg between planktonic organisms is more efficient than Hg_inorg transference. MeHg concentrations, proportion of mercury as MeHg and its biotransference factors (BTFs) in the microplankton, mesoplankton and fish increased with increasing trophic level while biotic concentrations of Hg_inorg and proportion of mercury as Hg_inorg decreased thus indicating that MeHg was indeed the biomagnified species of mercury. MeHg reflected the vertical trophic guilds distribution, due to the fact that the top predator fish presented the highest concentration (0.77 μg g⁻¹ d.w.), followed by the less voracious species (0.43 μg g⁻¹ d.w.); while planktivorous fish presented the lowest concentrations (0.044 μg g⁻¹ d.w.). Hg_inorg did not present the same behavior. Results suggest that feeding habits and trophic guild are important parameters, influencing biotransference and biomagnification processes.     

加筋土挡土墙边坡的稳定性分析

加筋挡土墙边坡是一种新型的复合边坡加固技术,用传统的方法很难设计这种复杂的结构。以一工程实例叙述了采用弹塑性有限元法预测加筋土边坡的稳定性的方法;给出了不同设计方案下的位移;分析了土体力学参数对边坡最大水平位移的影响。结果表明,土体的弹性模量、内摩擦角与粘聚力是影响边坡位移的重要因素。这些土力学参数与边坡最大水平位移是非线性关系,且有呈现临界点的趋势。因此,适当控制填土的力学性能参数有助于达到安全节省的设计目标。      

Application of Hausdorff fractal derivative to the determination of the vertical sediment concentration distribution

The Rouse formula and its variants have been widely used to calculate the steady-state vertical concentration distribution for suspended sediment in steady sediment-laden flows, where the diffusive flux is assumed to be Fickian. Turbulent flow, however, exhibits fractal properties, leading to non-Fickian diffusive flux for sediment particles. To characterize non-Fickian dynamics of suspended sediment, the current study proposes a Hausdorff fractal derivative based advection-dispersion equation(H...     

汤加北部的两个地幔羽状体对岛弧熔岩形成的贡献证据

汤加北部的两个地幔羽状体对岛弧熔岩形成的贡献证据Ｉ．Ｗｅｎｄｔ等西南太平洋的汤加—克马德克岛弧是一长３０００ｋｍ的活火山链。火山作用与以５～２０ｃｍ／ａ的速率俯冲到印澳板块下的向西的太平洋板块有关。正在向汤加岛弧俯冲的、相当于海沟和无震海脊交叉部分的...     

Development of endemicity and conservation importance indices for tropical forests and the floral diversity assessment of Mt. Natoo in Benguet,Philippines

The scientific community faces the challenge of measuring progress toward biodiversity targets and indices have been traditionally used. However, recent inventories in secondary tropical mountain forests using traditional biodiversity indices have yielded results that are indistinct with primary ones. This shows the need to develop complementary indices that goes beyond species count but integrates the distribution and conservation status of the species. This study developed endemicity and conse...     

All-sky Guide Star Catalog for CSST

The China Space Station Telescope(CSST) is a two-meter space telescope with multiple back-end instruments.The Fine Guidance Sensor(FGS) is an essential subsystem of the CSST Precision Image Stability System to ensure the required absolute pointing accuracy and line-of-sight stabilization. In this study, we construct the Main Guide Star Catalog for FGS. To accomplish this, we utilize the information about the FGS and object information from the Gaia Data Release 3. We provide an FGS instrument ma...     

Cytochrome P450, acetylcholinesterase and gonadal histology for evaluating contaminant exposure levels in fishes from a highly eutrophic brackish ecosystem: the Orbetello Lagoon,Italy

Biochemical markers and ovarian histology were investigated in prespawning females of grass goby (Zosterisessor ophiocephalus) and grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) collected, respectively, in late spring and summer 2000 in four sites of a highly eutrophic brackish ecosystem of central Italy, the Orbetello Lagoon. Exposure to chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated in fish livers by the somatic liver index (SLI) and by measuring 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase (BaPMO) activities. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in brain and gills to evaluate exposure to organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CBs). The gonad somatic index (GSI) was used to confirm ovarian maturation and ovarian histology was investigated as a potential biomarker for environmental effects. Samples from the Western Basin, near a sewage treatment plant (STP) off the town of Orbetello, showed higher SLI values and higher EROD and BaPMO activities than those collected from the Ansedonia Canal (AC) in the Eastern Basin (p<0.05) and respect to those from reference sites: the Albegna River (AR) Delta for grass goby and the Nassa Canal (NC), connected with the sea, for grey mullet both located in the Western Basin as well. Low brain AChE activity was observed in both species from the reference sites (AR and NC) in association with the presence of anomalies in developing oocytes: unexpectedly small in grass goby and irregular disintegrated cytoplasm in grey mullet. The results indicate that the Western Basin is more polluted than the Eastern Basin particularly in the Orbetello where the sewage treatment plant may be a source of aromatic and chlorinated compounds while the Albegna River and the Nassa Canal may be sources of OPs and CBs.