PAH transport by sinking particles in the open Mediterranean Sea: a 1 year sediment trap study

One year time series of sinking particles were collected at two depths in the open Mediterranean Sea and analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Average total PAH concentrations were 593+/-284 ng g(-1) at 250 m and 551 +/- 198 ng g(-1) at 2850 m. Total PAH fluxes averaged 73 +/- 58 ng m(-2) d(-1) at 250 m and 53 +/- 39 ng m(-2) d(-1) at 2850 m. Contamination levels and, thus, exposure of marine organisms to PAH are comparable in surface and deep waters. Deep waters appear as a significant, yet overlooked, PAH sink. PAH temporal patterns show noticeable seasonality. This is partly due to varying levels of specific components such as the winter increase of pyrolytic PAH. Downward transport processes and the nature of sinking particles also impact on PAH fluxes, as inferred during periods of increasing productivity. Different phase-associations and interactions with particulate organic carbon for low-MW fossil PAH and high-MW pyrolytic PAH influence their downward transport efficiency.     

Monitoring biomarkers in fish (Lepidorhombus boscii and Callionymus lyra) from the northern Iberian shelf after the Prestige oil spill

Hepatic biomarker responses were measured in two demersal fish species (Lepidorhombus boscii and Callionymus lyra) from the northern Iberian shelf associated with the massive Prestige oil spill (POS), five months after the accident. The biomarkers selected were 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and DNA integrity. Interspecies differences and spatial variations in biomarker responses were observed along the shelf. GST, GR and CAT activities were significantly elevated in L. boscii in the most oil impacted area (Finisterre) and positively correlated (p<0.05) with POS tar aggregate densities. The lack of previous data from the area together with the existence of chronic background pollution of the shelf implies that the observed biomarker responses cannot be solely attributed to the petroleum hydrocarbon components of the spilled oil. This first biological effect assessment showed that L. boscii is a potentially suitable target species to be used in future biomonitoring programmes along the northern Iberian shelf.     

Report on the Third IGCP-649 International Workshop on the Mayarí-Baracoa Ophiolites and Chromitites, Cuba

<正>During April 3~(rd)–14~(th),the Third International Ophiolite Workshop of the International Geoscience Programme"Diamonds and Recycled Mantle"(IGCP-649)was successfully held in Havana,Cuba(Fig.1a).After the workshop,participants participated in a field trip to the Mayarí-Baracoa ophiolites and related chromitites in     

Calculation of Intercepted Volume of Sewer Overflows： a Model for Control of Nonpoint Pollution Sources in Urban Areas

The authors discovered large differences in the characteristics of overflows by the calculation of 1） intercepting volume of overflows for sewer systems using SWMM model which takes into consideration the runoff and pollutants from rainfalls and 2） the intercepted volume in the total flow at an investigation site. The intercepting rate at the investigation point of CSOs showed higher values than the SSDs. Based on the modeling of the receiving water quality after calculating the intercepting amount of overflows by considering the characteristics of outflows for a proper management of the overflow of sewer systems with rainfalls, it is clear that the BOD decreased by 82.9%-94.0% for the discharge after intercepting a specific amount of flows compared to the discharge from unprocessed overflows.     

气候变化模拟和长期天气预报的问题

1.引言就气候变化或气候振动发生的时间特征尺度来说,包括几千年、几百年或几十年的时间尺度。研究气候变化就是了解某一种时间尺度的气候变化。因此,我们分别考虑以下几种气候:纪元气候(epoch-long climate)、世纪气候和“局地瞬时”气候。每种气候都有它自身的时间和空间的平均气象特征、统计波动和相关。对纪元气候而言,世纪气候就是它统计上的波动;对世纪气候而言,则相应的波动就是“局地瞬时”变化;对局地瞬时气候就是年和季的天气变化。为了确定气候的变化,首先要找出“局地瞬时”气候的变化,这对全球各大区域和一代人生命这样长期间内的气候预报是十分重要的。应注意的是:     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actualwind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptualmodel of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly fromthe single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generatedconvective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equationsbased on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properlytreated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of theapproach proposed in this paper.     

Using historical data, expert judgement and multivariate analysis in assessing reference conditions and benthic ecological status, according to the European Water Framework Directive

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a framework for the protection and improvement of estuarine and coastal waters, trying to achieve 'good surface water status at the latest 15 years after the date of entry into force of this Directive'. One of the biological elements that should be analysed is the benthos and, as such, the WFD normative definitions describe the aspects of the benthic communities that must be included in the ecological status assessment of a water body. Therefore, it is essential to include, in the assessment, the different metrics that address those parameters identified in the normative definitions for each of the ecological status classes. In this contribution the use of the AMBI, richness and diversity, combined with the use, in a further development, of factor analysis together with discriminant analysis, is presented as an objective tool (named here M-AMBI) in assessing ecological quality status. This assessment requires previous classification of water bodies and typologies, together with the definition of reference conditions; this is undertaken in this contribution using historical data, expert judgement and multivariate analysis. The study has been undertaken by examining changes in benthic communities in the Basque Country, over the last decade, as a case-study, to demonstrate the accuracy and potential of these methodologies.     

Determination of polychlorobiphenyl congeners (PCBs) in the surface water of the Venice lagoon

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of PCB contamination of Venice lagoon water. The PCB determination was made on the filtrate ("dissolved PCBs") and on the particulate collected on the filters ("particulate PCBs") by continuous liquid-liquid extraction and sonication, respectively, and by HRGC-LRMS analysis. An estimation of the procedural and "working" blanks was also made. Water samples were collected at six sites, selected to represent all the pollution situations present in the lagoon, and at a site in the Adriatic Sea. The range of the total sum ("dissolved plus particulate") of 49 congener concentrations falls between 355 and 1868 pgl(-1); the "dissolved" fraction concentrations (250-792 pgl(-1)) are greater at six sites than that of the "particulate" fraction (105-1273 pgl(-1)). Chemometric analyses suggest that the PCB congener pattern in the Venice Lagoon is different from that in the Adriatic Sea.     

川东北地区构造-热演化探讨——来自（U-Th）／He年龄和Ro的约束

利用镜质组反射率和磷灰石与锆石的(U-Th)/He年龄一起模拟了川东北地区三叠纪以来的构造-热演化特征。结果表明早三叠世的热流值在51～66mW/m2,自晚三叠世至白垩纪随盆地性质由前陆盆地演化为陆内坳陷盆地,热流缓慢降低直至现今的44.5mW/m2。但在晚白垩世—古新世时期受燕山晚期构造运动的影响,热流有一个微弱增高的现象。同时,磷灰石和锆石的He年龄揭示了川东北地区大致在晚白垩世期间开始隆升且抬升剥蚀量较大。因此,磷灰石和锆石的(U-Th)/He年龄可以揭示后期详细的冷却历史。     

粤中长坑金银矿成矿流体N_2-Ar-He示踪体系及来源

长坑金银矿是新近发现的新型大型贵金属矿床 .较系统的N2 Ar He示踪体系、He和δD δ18O同位素组成研究表明 ,该矿床成矿流体主要来源于建造水 (或称沉积热卤水 ) ,而不是前人所普遍认为的大气降水 .成矿流体中幔源岩浆水的比例也很低 ,一般不超过 1 0 % .根据成矿流体来源 ,长坑金银矿应属沉积热卤水改造型矿床 .在晚侏罗世到早白垩世 ,粤中三洲盆地由于巨厚沉积物的积聚 ,其中建造水受到挤压加温 ,顺层侧向迁移 ,并最终沿盆地边缘缓倾斜的层间断裂向上运移 ,由于温、压下降等原因导致矿质在断裂中沉淀 .