Married couples’ decision-making about household natural hazard preparedness: a case study of hurricane hazards in Sarasota County,Florida

Natural Hazards - Survey-based studies of household natural hazard preparedness have often relied on individual-level data to predict household-level preparedness behaviors, in doing so neglecting...     

Analysis of ground vibrations due to underground trains by 2.5D finite/infinite element approach

The 2.5D finite/infinite element approach is adopted to study wave propagation problems caused by underground moving trains. The irregularities of the near field, including the tunnel structure and parts of the soil, are modeled by the finite elements, and the wave propagation properties of the far field extending to infinity are modeled by the infinite elements. One particular feature of the 2.5D approach is that it enables the computation of the three-dimensional response of the half-space, taking into account the load-moving effect, using only a two-dimensional profile. Although the 2.5D finite/infinite element approach shows a great advantage in studying the wave propagation caused by moving trains, attention should be given to the calculation aspects, such as the rules for mesh establishment, in order to avoid producing inaccurate or erroneous results. In this paper, some essential points for consideration in analysis are highlighted, along with techniques to enhance the speed of the calculations. All these observations should prove useful in making the 2.5D finite/infinite element approach an effective one.     

三维电磁阵列剖面法的基本原理及应用

本文论述了三维电磁阵列剖面法的基本原理，并从理论上论述了大地电磁测深中的静态效应是由电磁响应中与频率无关的静态项引起的，基于这一原理，本文提出了三维ＥＭＡＰ野外采集方式和数据处理方程。三维ＥＭＡＰ法不仅能消除ＭＴ中的静态效应，而且由于采集信息量大大增加，较常规ＭＴ有更好的地质效果，文中给出的实例证明了这一点。     

Multi-objective optimal design for flood risk management with resilience objectives

In flood risk management, the divergent concept of resilience of a flood defense system cannot be fully defined quantitatively by one indicator and multiple indicators need to be considered simultaneously. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization (MOO) design framework is developed to determine the optimal protection level of a levee system based on different resilience indicators that depend on the probabilistic features of the flood damage cost arising under the uncertain nature of rainfalls. An evolutionary-based MOO algorithm is used to find a set of non-dominated solutions, known as Pareto optimal solutions for the optimal protection level. The objective functions, specifically resilience indicators of severity, variability and graduality, that account for the uncertainty of rainfall can be evaluated by stochastic sampling of rainfall amount together with the model simulations of incurred flood damage estimation for the levee system. However, these model simulations which usually require detailed flood inundation simulation are computationally demanding. This hinders the wide application of MOO in flood risk management and is circumvented here via a surrogate flood damage modeling technique that is integrated into the MOO algorithm. The proposed optimal design framework is applied to a levee system in a central basin of flood-prone Jakarta, Indonesia. The results suggest that the proposed framework enables the application of MOO with resilience objectives for flood defense system design under uncertainty and solves the decision making problems efficiently by drastically reducing the required computational time.     

Transient two-dimensional groundwater flow

ABSTRACT

A set of simple analytical solutions are presented for estimation of drawdowns and groundwater flow rates into two-dimensional excavation, such as those in open-cut strip mines, for confined, leaky and unconfined aquifers.     

MTBE in Drinking Water Production – Occurrence and Efficiency of Treatment Technologies

In Germany, the gasoline additive methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) is almost constantly detected in measurable concentrations in surface waters and is not significantly removed during riverbank filtration. The removal of MTBE from water has been the focus of many studies that mostly were performed at high concentration levels and centred in understanding the mechanisms of elimination. In order to assess the performance of conventional and advanced water treatment technologies for MTBE removal in the low concentration range further studies were undertaken. Laboratory experiments included aeration, granulated activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ozonation and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). The results show that the removal of MTBE by conventional technologies is not easily achieved. MTBE is only removed by aeration at high expense. Ozonation at neutral pH values did not prove to be effective in eliminating MTBE at all. The use of ozone/H₂O₂ (AOP) may lead to a partly elimination of MTBE. However, the ozone/H₂O₂ concentrations required for a complete removal of MTBE from natural waters is much higher than the ozone levels applied nowadays in waterworks. MTBE is only poorly adsorbed on activated carbon, thus GAC filtration is not efficient in eliminating MTBE. A comparison with real‐life data from German waterworks reveals that if MTBE is detected in the raw water it is most often found in the corresponding drinking water as well due to the poor removal efficiency of conventional treatment steps.     

Life span of a landslide dam on mountain valley caught on seismic signals and its possible early warnings

Landslides - Outburst flooding after a landslide dam breach causes global fatalities and devastation. Information on the timing, magnitude, and location of the landslide dam is crucial to hazard...     

Analysis of village accessibility and its impact on land use dynamics in a mountainous province of northern Vietnam

Surveys carried out in mountainous areas of northern Vietnam at research sites selected across a gradient of market integration, revealed strong relationships between the location of the village with respect to the national road network and the nature of its land-use systems, its poverty level and more generally its potential for development. We developed and tested in Bac Kan province a method to give an objective and quantitative definition of accessibility over a large geographic area. Accessibility maps integrated in a provincial GIS showed that despite recent improvements to the road network, some remote areas do not benefit from recent development.     

越南中部Kontum地块前寒武纪地壳组成和构造演化

越南中部的Kontum 地块是印支地块中前寒武纪变质岩最重要的出露地区之一。该地块由不同时代不同变质程度的岩石组成。该研究通过对该地区主要变质岩的岩石学、地球化学和锆石U-Pb 年代学分析,探讨了Kontum 地块的物质组成以及其形成的构造背景。岩相学和化学成分分析结果表明,这些基底变质岩主要由变质沉积岩和少量的变质火成岩组成。变质沉积岩的原岩主要是硬砂岩和页岩。锆石U-Pb 定年结果显示,这些沉积岩形成于古元古代晚期到新元古代晚期,并大致可以划分为五期沉积盆地的形成和演化,分别对应岛弧环境、被动大陆边缘环境、活动大陆边缘或大陆弧环境、活动大陆边缘-被动大陆边缘过渡环境和活动大陆边缘的构造背景。二个变质火成岩的原岩分别是拉斑玄武岩和S 型花岗岩,它们分别形成于1424 Ma 和1485 Ma。拉斑玄武岩显示富集Rb、Ba、Sr 等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti 等高场强元素,符合典型岛弧玄武质岩石的地球化学特征。其锆石的εHf(t)值主要为正值（-1.68~+14.2）, 表明其岩浆起源于亏损的岩石圈地幔。地球化学特征表明其形成于岛弧环境,与第三期沉积沉积作用环境相符。S 型花岗岩具有较高的SiO2、ALK和A/CNK（>1.1）,以及中等的稀土含量和中等的Eu 负异常。其原岩岩浆锆石的εHf (t)值变化于+5.97~+12.1,表明源区沉积岩的碎屑主要来自新生地壳。对比显示Kontum 地块与海南岛在中元古代时期很可能曾经相连,在Columbia 超大陆裂解时期处于超大陆的边缘。