Direct and indirect effects of rainfall and vegetation coverage on runoff,soil loss,and nutrient loss in a semi-humid climate

Soil and nutrient loss play a vital role in eutrophication of water bodies. Several simulated rainfall experiments have been conducted to investigate the effects of a single controlling factor on soil and nutrient loss. However, the role of precipitation and vegetation coverage in quantifying soil and nutrient loss is still unclear. We monitored runoff, soil loss, and soil nutrient loss under natural rainfall conditions from 2004 to 2015 for 50–100 m² runoff plots around Beijing. Results showed that soil erosion was significantly reduced when vegetation coverage reached 20% and 60%. At levels below 30%, nutrient loss did not differ among different vegetation cover levels. Minimum soil N and P losses were observed at cover levels above 60%. Irrespective of the management measure, soil nutrient losses were higher at high-intensity rainfall (Imax30>15 mm/h) events compared to low-intensity events (p < 0.05). We applied structural equation modelling (SEM) to systematically analyze the relative effects of rainfall characteristics and environmental factors on runoff, soil loss, and soil nutrient loss. At high-intensity rainfall events, neither vegetation cover nor antecedent soil moisture content (ASMC) affected runoff and soil loss. After log-transformation, soil nutrient loss was significantly linearly correlated with runoff and soil loss (p < 0.01). In addition, we identified the direct and indirect relationships among the influencing factors of soil nutrient loss on runoff plots and constructed a structural diagram of these relationships. The factors positively impacting soil nutrient loss were runoff (44%–48%), maximum rainfall intensity over a 30-min period (18%–29%), rainfall depth (20%–27%), and soil loss (10%–14%). Studying the effects of rainfall and vegetation coverage factors on runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss can improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism of slope non-point source pollution.     

注重新形势下自然岸线管控的海岸线分类体系探讨

海岸线分类体系是海洋自然资源调查与管理、海岸线保护与利用的基础依据。在梳理现有海岸线分类体系的基础上,以易于操作和注重实用为原则,构建了面向于新形势下自然岸线管控的涵盖3个一级类、7个二级类、12个三级类的海岸线分类体系,进一步细化了自然岸线分类。新分类体系的建立是对贯彻《海岸线保护与利用管理办法》的积极实践,有助于对海岸线资源进行精细化管理,也可为实施海岸线整治修复提供重要支撑。     

基于土地利用变化的甘肃省黄河流域生态系统服务价值研究北大核心CSCD

为探究1995—2020年甘肃省黄河流域基于土地利用的生态系统服务价值时空变化,选取甘肃省黄河流域1995、2000、2005、2010、2015、2020年6期土地利用数据,分别利用土地利用动态度、土地利用程度指数和土地利用转移矩阵分析了研究区土地利用时空变化特征;通过对单个生态系统服务价值当量的经济价值进行修正,计算分析了研究区6个不同时期的生态系统服务价值,进而探讨了研究区土地利用程度对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:(1)1995—2020年,研究区耕地和未利用地面积总体减小,林地、草地、水域和建设用地面积总体增加,变化最大的是建设用地;(2)1995—2020年,研究区草地的土地利用程度最高,其他地类转为草地的面积最大;(3)1995—2020年,研究区生态系统服务价值总体呈增加趋势,共增加5.104亿元;(4)从2020年土地利用类型来看,草地的生态系统服务价值最大,达255.016亿元;从2020年生态系统服务类型来看,保持土壤生态服务价值最大,达87.94亿元;从生态敏感性指数来看,研究区生态系统服务价值敏感性指数均<1,研究结果可信;从生态系统服务加之分级来看,中级比重较大,面积占比为82.07%;(5)研究区土地利用程度与生态系统服务价值呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.912。     

Effect of climate changes and water‐related human activities on annual stream flows of the Shiyang river basin in arid north‐west China

The change of annual stream flow in the Shiyang river basin, a typical arid‐inland basin in north‐west China, was investigated using hydrological, meteorological and water‐related human activities' data of the past 50 years. The long‐term trends of the hydrological time series were examined by non‐parametric techniques, including the Pettitt and Mann–Kendall tests. Double cumulative curves and multi‐regression methods were used to separate and quantify the effects of climate changes and human activities on the stream flows. The results show that the study area has been experiencing a significant upward warming trend since 1986 and precipitation shows a decreasing trend in the mountainous region but an increasing trend in the plains region. All stream flows in the upper reach and lower reaches of the Shiyang river exhibit decreasing tendencies. Since 1970, human activities, such as irrigation, have had a significant effect on the upstream flow, and account for 60% of total flow decreases in the 1970s. However, climate changes are the main reason for the observed flow decreases in the 1980s and 1990s, with contributions to total flow decrease of 68% and 63%, respectively. Before 1975, flow decreases in the upper reaches were the main factor causing reduced flows in the lower reaches of the Shiyang river. After 1975, the effect of human activities became more pronounced, with contributions of 63%, 68% and 56% to total flow decreases in the lower reaches of the Shiyang river in the periods 1975 to 1980, 1980s and 1990s, respectively. As a result, climate change is responsible for a large proportion of the flow decreases in the upstream section of the catchment during the 1980s and 1990s, while human activities have caused flow decreases downstream during the same period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerically modelling groundwater in an arid area with ANN‐generated dynamic boundary conditions

Groundwater is sensitive to the climate change and agricultural activities in arid and semi‐arid areas. Over the past several decades, human activities, such as groundwater extraction for irrigation, have resulted in aquifer overdraft and disrupted the natural equilibrium in these areas. Regional groundwater simulation is important to determine appropriate groundwater management policies, and numerical simulation has become the most popular method. However, most groundwater models were developed with static boundary conditions. In this research, the Minqin oasis, an arid region located in northwest China, was selected as the study area. An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to simulate effects of weather conditions, agricultural activities and surface water on groundwater level in a dynamic boundary of the domain. Subsequently, a groundwater numerical model, named ANN‐FEFLOW model, was developed, with a dynamic boundary condition defined by the ANN model. The verifying results showed that the model has higher precision, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0·71 m, relative error (RE) of 17·96% and R² of 0·84 relative to the great groundwater change. Furthermore, the groundwater model has higher precision than the conventional groundwater model with static boundary condition, particularly in the area near the dynamic boundary. This study demonstrated that dynamic boundaries can improve the precision of the regional groundwater model in an arid area and that ANN can provide higher accuracy prediction capability for groundwater levels with dynamic boundary. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Artificial neural network models for estimating regional reference evapotranspiration based on climate factors

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the basic components of the hydrologic cycle and is essential for estimating irrigation water requirements. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model for reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) calculation was investigated. ANNs were trained and tested for arid (west), semi‐arid (middle) and sub‐humid (east) areas of the Inner Mongolia district of China. Three or four climate factors, i.e. air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (U) and duration of sunshine (N) from 135 meteorological stations distributed throughout the study area, were used as the inputs of the ANNs. A comparison was conducted between the estimates provided by the ANNs and by multilinear regression (MLR). The results showed that ANNs using the climatic data successfully estimated ET₀ and the ANNs simulated ET₀ better than the MLRs. The ANNs with four inputs were more accurate than those with three inputs. The errors of the ANNs with four inputs were lower (with RMSE of 0·130 mm d^?1, RE of 2·7% and R² of 0·986) in the semi‐arid area than in the other two areas, but the errors of the ANNs with three inputs were lower in the sub‐humid area (with RMSE of 0·21 mm d^?1, RE of 5·2% and R² of 0·961. For the different seasons, the results indicated that the highest errors occurred in September and the lowest in April for the ANNs with four inputs. Similarly, the errors were higher in September for the ANNs with three inputs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Remote monitoriug ice velocities of the polar record and the Dark Glaciers

Measurement of ice velocities of the Antarctic glaciers is very important for studies on Antarctic ice and snow mass balance. The polar area environmental change and its influences on the global environment. Conventional methods may be used for measuring the ice velocities, but they suffer from severe weather conditions in the Polar areas. Use of satellite multi-spectral and muki-temporal images makes it easier to measure the velocities of the glacier movements. This paper discusses a new method for monitoring the glacial change by means of multi-temporal satellite images. Temporal remotely sensed images in the Ingrid Christensen coast were processed with respect to geometric rectification, registration and overlay, The average ice velocities of the Polar Record Glacier and the Dark Glacier were then calculated, with the changing characteristics analyzed and evaluated. The advantages of the method reported here include promise of all-weather operation and potentials of dynamic monitoring through suitabl     

Expectation for the X—ray Galactic Halo

1 INTRODUCTION In the hierarchical clustering model, massive objects form by gravitational aggregation oflower-mass objects, and the disks in spiral galaxies like our Galaxy form by a late accretionof gas from an extended reservoir around the galactic halos. According to this scenario, spiralgalaxies are still growing at present. At the virial temperature of galactic halos, T r.-' io5 ?i06 K, the dominant cooling mech-anism is X-ray bremsstrahlung. If the cooling rate is significant, the…     

Evaluation of wind erosion in the Tarim Basin based on parameter localization

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Air density strongly constrains the characteristics of an airflow and the resulting flow of sand and therefore, it should not be neglected in sand transport...     

Phosphorus distribution in the sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake,Lake Chaohu,China

In this study, the sediment profiles of total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (P_i), organic phosphorus (P_o), C/P and N/P were used to investigate time-dependent P distribution changes in Lake Chaohu. The characteristics of P_i and P_o fractions in the surface sediments were studied and the difference between east and west lake region was also discussed. The P_i and P_o contents displayed a clear gradient from east to west in sediments of Lake Chaohu, and the P_o/P ratios were lower in sediments with industrial and urban pollution sources input in west lake region. The study indicated that different sediments area had diverse concentrations and distributions of P_o fractions due to their different drainage basin and pollution sources. The profile distribution of the C/P and N/P ratios decreased with increasing depths and stayed relatively constant ratios at the depths of 15–30 cm. The C/P and N/P ratios were always below Redfield ratios in sediment profile, indicating P enrichment but likely due to the preferential loss of carbon in respect to phosphorus. The rank order of P_i-fractions extracted was HCl-P_i > NaOH-P_i > NaHCO₃-P_i in surface sediments. The relative distribution of NaHCO₃-P_i and HCl-P_i was in agreement with the trophic conditions of the regions studied. Among the sequentially extracted P_o forms, the rank order of P_o fractions was residual P_o > HCl-P_o > fulvic acid-P > humic acid-P > NaHCO₃-P_o, with mean relative proportion of 5.4:3.4:2.2:1.1:1.0.