The life cycle of the intense IOP‐14 storm during CASPII. Part I: Analysis and simulations

Abstract

In this study, a 5‐day life‐cycle of the IOP‐14 storm during CASP II is examined using conventional observations and numerical simulations with a mesoscale version of the Canadian Regional Finite‐Element (RFE) model. Observational analysis reveals that the IOP‐14 storm forms from a lee trough, occurring along a strong baroclinic zone with an intense frontogenetic deformation, that interacts with an upper‐level travelling short‐wave trough across the Canadian Rockies. Then the storm experiences a slow, but nearly steady, growth while traversing the North American continent. It deepens explosively as it moves into the Atlantic Ocean. It appears that i) the enhanced large‐scale baroclinicity due to land‐sea temperature contrasts, ii) the tremendous latent heat release due to the transport of high‐θ_e air from the marine boundary layer, Hi) the decrease of surface drag and iv) the favourable westward tilt of the low with an amplifying trough all contribute to the explosive deepening of the storm.

Two consecutive simulations covering a total of 102 h during the storm development are carried out with a grid size of 50 km. The RFE model reproduces very well the formation of the surface low on the lee side of the Rockies, the track and deepening rates, the explosive development and decay of the storm, and various mesoscale phenomena (e.g., a “bent‐back” warm front, a “T‐bone” thermal pattern, a cold frontal “fracture”, an upper‐level “eye” and warm‐core structures), as verified by conventional observations, satellite imagery, flight‐level and dropsonde data from a research aircraft. It is found from potential vorticity (PV) analysis that the storm reaches its peak intensity as the upper‐level dry PV anomaly, the low‐level moist PV anomaly and surface thermal warmth are vertically superposed. PV inversions reveal that these anomalies contribute about 60%, 30% and 10%, respectively, to the 900‐hPa negative height perturbation. It is shown that the warm‐core structure near the cyclone centre is produced by advection of warmer air ahead of the cold front, rather than by adiabatic warming associated with subsidence.     

2014年《海洋测绘》论文综述

针对2014年《海洋测绘》刊载的论文,从海洋测绘学科发展角度,通过对各专业发表论文的统计分析,对海洋重力测量、海洋磁力测量、卫星测高、海洋测量定位、海岛礁测量、海岸带遥感影像处理、海图制图等专业领域的的最新研究成果及其发展现状,进行了归纳总结和简要评述。旨在为广大测绘工作者提供理论和技术参考。     

联合使用位模型和地形信息的陆区航空重力向下延拓方法

为了规避传统逆Poisson积分向下延拓解算过程的不适定性问题,借鉴导航定位中的"差分"概念,利用超高阶位模型直接计算海域航空重力测量向下延拓改正数的方法。本文在此基础上提出联合使用重力位模型和地形高数据,计算陆部航空重力向下延拓总改正数的改进方案,以飞行高度面与地面对应点的位模型差分信息表征总改正数的中长波分量,以相对应的局部地形改正差分修正量表征总改正数的中高频成分,从而实现航空重力数据点对点向地面的全频段延拓。在地形变化不同区域,联合使用EGM2008位模型、地面实测重力和高分辨率高程数据进行了实际数值计算和精度评估,验证了该方法的有效性。     

陕西省日照时数和日照百分率时空分布演变特征

对大同地区北部的天镇（1958年-2004年）、南部的灵丘（1960年-2004年）和中部的大同市区（1955年-2004年）年平均气温和四季平均气温及平均最高（低）气温序列进行诊断分析。结果表明：近50年来大同地区的气温在逐步上升,市区和天镇在20世纪90年代至今经历了一次明显的增温过程,灵丘的增温过程出现在20世纪80年代至今。市区、天镇和灵丘三地增温最显著的季节都发生在冬季,但从全年来看,市区白天和夜间对增温的贡献相当,灵丘夜间增温大于白天,天镇白天增温大于夜间。     

风能资源观测数据省级传输系统

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基于C/S结构的气象信息网络综合监控系统的设计与实现

针对目前河南省气象信息网络实时业务需要,设计并实现了一种基于客户端/服务器(C/S)模式的气象信息网络监控系统.该系统采用数据库技术、GIS二次开发组件技术在Borland C + +Builder 5.0环境下开发完成,实现了对各类上行气象报文传输质量、网络质量、新一代天气雷达产品传输率的自动实时监控,监控结果以表格和图形两种形式实时自动刷新,出现错情后自动报警,还实现了省中心到台站网络质量专题信息的地图发布.系统内容丰富,界面友好,具有较强的实用性.     

对流有效位能计算的新方案

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Chemical character of precipitation and related particles and trace gases in the North and South of China

Rainwater samples were collected at four sites, including Beijing and Mazhuang Town in the north of China, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain in the south of China. Character of atmospheric particles and gases were also measured at Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain. Both of Beijing and Shenzhen are urban sites; Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain are rural and remote sites respectively. The atmospheric pollution at rural plain site in the north of China was more serious than that at remote mountain site in the south of China. At Beijing, Mazhuang Town, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain the average pH values in rainwater were 6.02, 5.97, 4.72 and 4.81, respectively and the concentrations of total ions in rainwater were 1454, 1125, 187 and 191 μeq/l, respectively. While the acidity of the rain was higher in the south than that in the north, the rainwater in the north of China was more severely polluted than that in the south. The major acidic ion in the rainwater is SO₄^2-, and NH₄⁺ is the most important neutralizing ion in rainwater at the four sites, followed by Ca²⁺. The amounts of organic acid in precipitation were compared with other sites in the world. The ratios of organic acid to total free acid in rainwater at Mangdang Mountain was 13.8% and the influence of organic acid on acidity of rainwater at mountain site in the south of China is more important. The variation of atmospheric particles, gases and components in rainwater and cloud-fog water during special rain and cloud-fog events was discussed. The importance of washout process varied with atmospheric species. The impacts of rainfall, rain duration time and wind speed on wash-out process were estimated by regression analysis.