Four Chinese Sulfide Mineral Reference Materials: Preparation and Certification

Four sulfide mineral reference materials, pyrite GSM-1, chalcopyrite GSM-2, galena GSM-3 and sphalerite GSM-4, have been prepared by the Institute of Rock and Mineral Analysis for collaborrative studies on their chemical composition. This paper describes the sample collection, preparation, homogeneity testing and interlaboratory certification of these samples. Some features with regard to the purification, pulverisation, stability and storage of sample are also discussed. The samples have been approved as certified reference materials by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision of China in April 1995.     

The African Climate as Predicted by the IAP Grid-Point Nine-Layer Atmospheric General Circulation Model (IAP-9L-AGCM)

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The Interannual Variability and Predictability in a Global Climate Model

ＴｈｅＩｎｔｅｒａｎｎｕａｌＶａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄＰｒｅｄｉｃｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎａＧｌｏｂａｌＣｌｉｍａｔｅＭｏｄｅｌ①ＷａｎｇＨｕｉｊｕｎ（王会军），ＸｕｅＦｅｎｇ（薛峰）ａｎｄＢｉＸｕｎｑｉａｎｇ（毕训强）ＬＡＳＧ，Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆ...     

The effect of heating anomaly on the Asian circulation—A GCM experiment

A numerical experiment was done by using the IAP 9-Level AGCM to study the effects of radiation anomaly over East Asia on the Asian general circulation. The results show that the changes of Asian summer general circula-tion are remarkable in the Indian and China southwest monsoon, precipitation in India and the Yellow River and Huaihe River valley in China and area around the north Japan, the easterly anomaly of low-level zonal wind in the tropical Pacific and so on.     

A Note on Some Methods Suitable for Verifying and Correcting the Prediction of Climatic Anomaly

The weighted correlation coefficient of the predicted and observed anomalies and the ratio of the weighted norm of predicted anomaly to the observed one, both together, are suggested to be suitable for the estimating of the correctness of climate prediction. The former shows the similarity of the two patterns, and the later indicates the correctness of the predicted intensity of the anomaly. The weighting function can be different for different emphasis, for example, a constant weight means that the correlation coefficient is the conventional one, but same non-uniform weight leads to the ratio of correct sign of the anomaly, the stepwise weight leads lo the formulation of correctness of prediction represented by grades of the anomaly, and so on.Three methods for making correction to the prediction are given in this paper. After subtracting lie mean error of the prediction, one method is developed for maximizing the similarity between the predicted and observed patterns, based on the transformation of the spatial coordinates. Another method is to minimize the mean difference between the two fields. This method can also be simplified as similar to the “optimum interpolation” in the objective analysis of weather chart. The third method is based on the expansion of the anomaly into series or EOF, where the coefficients are the predicted but the EOFs are taken as the “observed” calculated from historical samples.     

冻土区甲烷排放研究进展

冻土区土牡表面和活动层土的ＣＨ_４排放和吸收表现出强烈的时空变化性。根据多年冻土中ＣＨ_４含量的模拟结果表明，全球尺度上，平均每米厚度多年冻土含有ＣＨ_４６５Ｔｇ。在未来的２００年间，多年冻土融化所导致的大气ＣＨ_４附加年源强变化于２～２５Ｔｇ。     

气候变化国家评估报告（Ⅰ）：中国气候变化的历史和未来趋势

 中国的气候变化与全球变化有相当的一致性，但也存在明显差别。在全球变暖背景下，近100 a来中国年平均地表气温明显增加，升温幅度比同期全球平均值略高。近100 a和近50 a的降水量变化趋势不明显，但1956年以来出现了微弱增加的趋势。近50 a来中国主要极端天气气候事件的频率和强度也出现了明显的变化。研究表明，中国的CO2年排放量呈不断增加趋势，温室气体正辐射强迫的总和是造成气候变暖的主要原因。对21世纪气候变化趋势做出的预测表明：未来20～100 a，中国地表气温增加明显，降水量也呈增加趋势。     

北京市冬季采暖气候条件分析

根据国家有关规范中关于采暖气候条件的规定，通过对北京城、近郊5个气象台站近40年的气象资料的分析发现：①近年来采暖终日较传统终日有明显提前的趋势；②采暖期长度有缩短的趋势；③由于近年气候变暖，采暖强度明显减弱；④室外计算温度比现在采用的-9℃高1℃。     

冬季太平洋海温变化对中国5月降水的影响

本文采用EOF-CCA方法研究了12-2月份北太平洋海温场与中国5月降水指数之间的相关关系。研究结果表明：12月海温与中国5月降水有较好的相关关系。赤道东太平洋和日本以东洋面的海温与中国东部地区的降水正相关，与中国华南、云南和西部地区的降水负相关。相反，东北太平洋、菲律宾以东洋面和墨西哥以西洋面的海温与中国东部地区的降水负相关，与中国华南、云南和西部地区的降水正相关。上述5个海区的太平洋前期海温对中国5月降水有影响的海温关键区。前期海温异常将影响到5月中高纬度的西风带波动和低纬西太平洋副热带高压的强度、位置、从而导致中国5月降水空间分布的异常。     

东亚夏季风和ENSO关系的不稳定性

通过本项研究，发现了东亚夏季风和ENSO的相互关系在长期变化中是不稳定的。不稳定指的是在一段时期两者关系比较紧密而在另一段时期两者关系比较微弱。文章揭示：在东亚季风和ENSO关系紧密时期（HCP）和关系微弱时期（LCP）夏季大气环流的年际变率有显著差别。在关系紧密时期，南热带东太平洋区的信风、热带东太平洋区的低层大气温度、两个半球的副热带高压系统等的年际变率均显著高于关系微弱时期。并且，HCP和LCP时期中国夏季降水和ENSO的关系也有明显差异。