科学大洋钻探：成就与展望

在回顾ODP学术目标的发展历史的基础上，按照地球环境动力学和地球内部动力学两大科学主题，对ODP在地球环境变化、作为环境变化营力的沉积物、流体和细菌、地球内部物质和能量的传递、岩石圈变形和地震作用等前沿领域所取得的主要科学成就进行了简单的介绍。IODP将以地球系统科学的思想为指导，利用多个钻探平台，以更为广泛的钻探领域和更深的钻探深度，对全球海底进行学术目标更为庞大、系统的科学钻探，并进一步加强与石油工业以及其它国际地学研究计划的合作。     

拟准检定法用于划分不同运动趋势块体

利用位移观测数据区分不同形变趋势块体一般分三步进行:基准检测、块体范围区分和各块体内异常形变检测．本文提出用拟准检定法来实现这三步．前两步初选拟准观测是关键．对于基准检测，按形变位移量大小；对于块体范围区分，则按形变方向．最后，通过一个模拟算例，简单介绍了每一步的实施步骤，并比较了拟准检定法与抗差估计(Huber)法、假设检验法的检测效果．结果表明，拟准检定法可以将上述三步成功实现，而抗差估计法只能检测出块体内的异常形变，对稳定基准检测和块体范围划分是失败的；假设检验法在该三步检测中均为失败．从而验证了拟准检定法具有粗差定位准确、崩溃污染率高的优越性．      

夏季降水概率预报系统的试验研究

降水概率天气预报的最大优点能够有效的发挥天气预报的潜在经济效益。我们根据山西省长治市的气候区划，将长治市的13个县区分为3片，应用T106资料，并通过对T106资料以及3片的实时资料制作0，1化处理，分别建立了3片的夏季（6月－8月）降水概率预报方程，并将整个系统挂接于MICAPS系统下。计算快捷，图文并茂，准确率较高。     

An alternative algebraic algorithm to transform Cartesian to geodetic coordinates

The algorithm to transform from 3D Cartesian to geodetic coordinates is obtained by solving the equation of the Lagrange parameter. Numerical experiments show that geodetic height can be recovered to 0.5 mm precision over the range from −6×10⁶ to 10¹⁰ m. Electronic Supplementary Material: Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at     

南天山库勒湖蛇绿混杂岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造背景

通过对南天山独－库公路剖面，黑英山剖面出露的肢解蛇绿岩套各成员的岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素地球化学等多方面研究，结合区域构造分析，表明该蛇绿混杂岩的构造背景为古生代弧后盆地。     

白垩-第三纪界线样品异常铱的赋存状态及其地质意义

通过对地质样品中铱的赋存状态研究及对残渣相中微粒的透射电镜分析,得出:在K-T界线样品中铱主要存在于残渣相中,不利于地球化学过程富集铱;铱在残渣相的富集与有机不溶物的存在没有必然联系;白垩-第三纪的生物绝灭事件中有火山活动参与;K-T界线事件的触发物为地外物质撞击。最后提出了K-T界线样品异常铱来源于地外物质撞击和火山喷发的混合模型。     

微弱光信号检测方法的初步研究

本文介绍了微弱信号检测方法在微光检测方面的应用,详细讨论了三个方面的问题:(1)由于光电倍增管的动态特性不同,可将其分为两种类型,即多光电子情况和单光电子情况,而且决定了检测系统的不同方式;(2)为了提高检测灵敏度和信噪比,介绍了8种检测方式结构图,并对每种检测方式的工作原理和信噪比做了详细说明;(3)从理论上分析了检测方式的动态特性,推出主要检测方式的表达式,并进一步讨论了各种检测方式的适用范围。     

地质样品中超痕量铂族元素的中子活化分析

文章概述了中子活化分析的基本原理和地质样品中超痕量铂族元素的中子活化分析方法。其中除介绍了样品的制备方法、照射和测量条件之外，还对地质样品中铂族元素放射化学分离方法进行了说细的讨论和评述。引用文献２４篇。     

深海沉积物中硅质小球的稀土元素丰度特征

近年来对宇宙尘的研究已成为宇宙化学和天文地质学界中的一个很活跃的领域。作者利用中子活化法测定了从深海沉积物中挑选出的硅质和玻璃质小球中的微量元素的含量。结果表明,这些硅质和玻璃质小球主要属地外来的物质。     

Inversions,and fog,stratus and cumulus formation in warm air over cooler water

Two aspects of convection over oceans are discussed and the following conclusions are derived from theoretical considerations.

1. The air layer over the sea will usually convect even when the water surface is ten degrees or more colder than the initial air temperature.
2. An inversion at stratus cloud tops is created by the stratus, and is not a necessary preexisting condition. Such inversions persist after subsidence evaporates the cloud.
3. Radiation heat exchange does not play an essential role in stratus formation or maintenance, and can either heat or cool the cloud.
4. Dry air convection does not erode inversions at the top of the convecting layer. Examples of soundings are discussed.
5. Fogs are most likely to form at sea where the water is coolest, and need no radiation effects to initiate cooling, or a boost from patches of warmer water, to begin convection.
6. Both stratus cloud growth, and the evaporation of clouds by cloud top entrainment, readjust the vertical structure of the air to leave a constant wet-bulb potential temperature with height.

These conclusions are supported by, firstly, a convective model which has been developed and which shows that vapor-driven convection over the ocean will proceed with zero or negative heat fluxes, at rates which saturate the lowest layer of the atmosphere in a few hours to altitudes of many tens of meters. Secondly, the availability of condensed moisture at the top of the surface layer cools the warmer entrained overlying dry air parcels so that when they descend they are no warmer than the sea surface temperature, and this induces downward moving plumes. This occurs if the wet-bulb potential temperature of the overlying air is less than the sea surface temperature, even if it is ten degrees C, or more, warmer in actual temperature.