城市土地利用——交通集成模型的构建与应用（英文）

China is now experiencing rapid urbanization. Powerful tools are required to assess its urban spatial policies before implemented toward a more competitive and sustainable development paradigm. This study develops a Land Use Transport Interaction(LUTI) model to evaluate the impacts of urban land-use policies on urban spatial development. The model consists of four sub-models, i.e., transport, residential location, employment location and real estate rent sub-models. It is then applied to Beijing metropolitan area to forecast the urban activity evolution trend based on the land-use policies between 2009 and 2013. The modeling results show that more and more residents and enterprises in the city choose to agglomerate on outskirts, and new centers gradually emerge to share the services originally delivered by central Beijing. The general trend verifies the objectives of the government plan to develop more sub-centers around Beijing. The proposed activity-based model provides a distinct tool for the urban spatial policy makers in China. Further research is also discussed at the end.     

氮素添加对草原不同冠层植物光合作用的影响

氮沉降对植物的生理生态特征具有重要影响,草原不同冠层植物光合特性对氮沉降的响应不同。通过向内蒙古典型草原人工施加氮肥模拟氮沉降,测定上层代表性植物羊草（Leymus chinensis）及下层代表性植物黄囊苔草（Carex korshinskyi）的光合速率（P_n）、水分利用效率（WUE）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（G_s）等光合特性指标及生物量,分析氮沉降对草原不同冠层植物的影响。结果表明：羊草净光合速率随着氮添加量增加呈先上升后下降趋势,而黄囊苔草净光合速率随着氮添加量增加呈上升趋势。氮添加增加了羊草的水分利用效率、生物量和相对生物量,但是对黄囊苔草的水分利用效率、生物量和相对生物量没有影响。在施氮量高于0.8 mol·m^-2后,黄囊苔草的气孔导度和蒸腾速率极显著高于羊草（P<0.01）;整体上看,随着氮添加梯度黄囊苔草蒸腾速率呈现增加的趋势,而羊草的气孔导度和蒸腾速率的变化没有明显的规律。典型草原区不同冠层植物的光合特性对氮添加具有不同的响应,上层植物对下层植物光合作用的限制较小。     

VB与VC＋＋环境下基于MapX的二次开发比较

VB、VC是基于MapX常用的GIS二次开发环境,本文以添加地图对象、加载数据集、创建标准工具栏和数据绑定等为例,比较分析了VB、VC环境下利用MapX开发的不同,得出了VC更注重程序的效率,而VB更强调易用性的概括性结论,为MapX开发平台的选择提供了有效的帮助。     

Connection between earthquakes and deep fluids revealed by magnetotelluric imaging in Songyuan,China

Songyuan is the most earthquake prone area in northeast China.Since 2006,earthquakes have occurred in the area in the form of swarms,with a maximum magnitude of M_L5.8.There is much controversy about the cause of the Songyuan earthquakes.We attempted to determine the cause using a three-dimensional electrical conductivity structure inverted from a regional network of magnetotelluric data in the Songyuan area.The L-BFGS inversion method was applied,with a fullimpedance tensor data set used as the inversion input.Combined with an evaluation of the earthquake locations,the resistivity model revealed a northeast-oriented hidden fault running through the Songyuan earthquake area(SEA),which was speculated to be the preexisting Fuyu-Zhaodong Fault(FZF).Our resistivity model also found an apparent lithospheric low-resistivity anomaly beneath the earthquake area,which breached the high-resistivity lithospheric mantle and stalled at the base of the crust.A petrophysical analysis showed that this lower crustal low-resistivity anomaly was most likely attributed to hydrated partial melting,which could release water into the lower crust during later magma emplacements.While weakening the strength of the FZF,these ascending fluids also increased the pore pressure in the fault,further reducing the shear strength of the fault.Shear stress action(a fault strike component of the east-west regional compress),together with possible near-surface disturbances,may drive the fault to slip and trigger the earthquakes in Songyuan.It is possible that the continuous replenishment of fluids from the deeper mantle forces the Songyuan earthquakes into the form of swarms.We infer that the Songyuan earthquakes could be attributed to a combination of preexisting faults,regional stress,and deep fluids associated with plate subduction,and near surface disturbances might induce the earthquakes in advance.The Songyuan earthquakes are inherently induced earthquakes,fed by deep fluids.     

Late Quaternary loess deposition in the southern Chaiwopu Basin of the northern Chinese Tian Shan foreland and its palaeoclimatic implications

The piedmont aeolian sediment in Central Asia is has been widely used for Quaternary palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Here we present detailed sedimentological and rock magnetic investigations on 188 samples from the ~9.4‐m‐thick Urumqi River section (URS) in the southern Chaiwopu Basin of the northern Chinese Tian Shan foreland. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating constrains the time‐span of the URS loess sedimentation from c. 28 to c. 6.8 ka. This chronology implies that the onset of the URS loess sedimentation is approximately synchronous with the Shangwangfeng Glaciation (MIS 2) in the headwaters of the Urumqi River. Analyses of sediment grain size and rock magnetic parameters indicate that sediment grain‐size composition controls magnetic properties of the URS loess, i.e. the wind intensity model, distinct from the pedogenic model interpreting the variations in magnetic properties of the loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Overall, the variations in sediment grain size and magnetic properties throughout the URS indicate that the present study area was dominated by a climate of strengthened wind associated with gradually intensified aridity during the latest Pleistocene. In contrast, the intensity of aridity and coldness during the early Holocene gradually became relatively weakened.     

Discontinuous deformation analysis based on the multiplicative decomposition of the displacement

Updating the block configuration on the basis of additive decomposition and its linearized expression of the displacement increment leads to the low calculation accuracy of the original discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) and false volume expansion. In this study, the displacement expressions of a small deformation, a large rotation, and the corresponding velocity and acceleration terms on the basis of the initial configuration are presented using multiplicative decomposition. With the use of the principle of virtual work, the stiffness matrix, mass matrix, and force vector of blocks are obtained. Compared with the original DDA, each of the block deformation parameters has obvious physical meaning as a parameter of mechanics, which can be obtained by adding the incremental deformation components of each time step directly without co-ordinate transformation. Moreover, the proposed modification automatically considers the block deformation produced by centrifugal and Coriolis forces. The analysis of some typical numerical examples have verified the accuracy of the strain and stress calculated by the proposed method, and the current configuration is updated by the total displacements, which completely overcomes the false volume expansion and provides reasonable linear strains.     

Influence of stress conditions on shear behavior of slip zone soil in ring shear test: an experimental study and numerical simulation

Natural Hazards - Hurricanes and tropical storms pose a significant threat to developed coastal regions around the world. In the United States, hurricanes cause billions of dollars in damage each...     

青海南部二叠纪类生物古地理区系

冈瓦纳与欧亚大陆间的昌都地块构造属性存在争议,解决问题的关键是生物古地理区系判别.青海南部二叠纪类化 石群的研究表明昌都地块该生物群一直表现为暖水的特提斯型,与华南地区始终表现出更多的相似性,其生物古地理归属应 为特提斯大区华夏-特提斯区华南亚区.昌都地块南界龙木错-双湖-澜沧江缝合带在早二叠世为划分青藏高原暖水型特提 斯区的南界,不仅是华南亚区与藏北冷暖混合亚区的分界线,也是特提斯大区与冈瓦纳大区的分界线.中二叠世以后该带不再 构成大区界线,但在确定次一级分区界线上仍是一个很好的划分标志;北界金沙江缝合带二叠纪两侧生物群表现出一致性, 未形成浅海底栖生物自由迁移的障碍,不具有生物古地理分区意义.