Distribution and sources of phosphorus in tidal river sediments in the Washington, DC, Area

 Sediments in the rivers and basins around Washington, DC, have high concentrations of phosphorus, which, based on geographic distributions, is largely derived from urban runoff and municipal sewage. Dissolved-particulate phosphate exchange reactions and biological uptake of dissolved phosphorus from the water column may be an added source of phosphorus to the sediments. Concentrations of total sedimentary phosphorus ranged from 24 to 56 μm P/g-dw, and were highest in areas near combined sewer outfalls. As a part of this study, sedimentary phosphorus was fractionated into Fe-P, Ca-P, Al-P, and organic phases using a selective-sequential leaching procedure. The distribution of the phases in all sediments analyzed follow the order , Fe-P>Ca-P>Al-P. Spatial variations in the amounts of phosphorus in the different phases is related to the sources of phosphorus to the area. The proportions of occluded Al-P and organic P are 10–20% of the total P, respectively. This suggests that phosphorus from natural sources is small compared to anthropogenic inputs in this area. The high leachable Fe-P and Ca-P in these sediments might contribute a substantial amount of P to the water column under conditions of remobilization. Received: 20 February 1996 · Accepted: 2 April 1996     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) tissue and shell

Oysters and sediment have been collected from most major US Gulf of Mexico bays and estuaries each year since 1986. Selected samples of oyster soft tissue, shell and sediments were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn for this study. Concentrations varied considerably from place to place but ratios of metals remained relatively constant. Cu and Zn are greatly enriched in oyster tissues, which is related to their physiological function. Cd is enriched in oyster shell because of the easy substitution between Cd and Ca. The concentrations of Pb and Cr in oysters are significantly lower than that in sediment, suggesting a good discrimination against these metals by oysters. Metal variations are a result of both nature and human activity. Received: 13 September 1999 · Accepted: 8 December 1999     

面轮廓线相似性和复杂性度量及在化简中的应用

本文对同名实体相似性和复杂性进行综合研究,通过抽取多个尺度下的内弦长、外弦长及弧到弦的平均投影长度构造弦特征矩阵,建立了多尺度面轮廓线相似性度量模型。依据边的振动频率及幅度,从凹口比例、凸壳周长相对增量及最小外包圆面积相对增量3个方面建立复杂性度量模型。在验证两类模型正确性和有效性的基础上,分析了不同复杂度目标在不同尺度下相似性变化规律,据此给出基于相似性约束的自动化简的一般流程。试验表明,本文方法可为化简算法设置合理阈值参数,增加化简算法的自动化程度。     

Glacial atmospheric CO2 decline in association with decrease of marine sedimentary phosphorus

The environmental and biogeochemical information extracted from the sediments collected from the northern shelf of the South China Sea shows that terrigenous inputs of phosphorus into the sea remained relatively constant, and the variation of phosphorus contents at different depths was caused by climatic and environmental changes. The findings also suggest that the vertical variation of phosphorus content was opposite to those of calcium carbonate and cadmium, and the functional correlation between CO₂ and PO ₄ ³⁻ in seawater was given by calculating the chemical equilibrium, indicating that the accumulation of marine sedimentary phosphorus may have something to do with the variation of atmospheric CO₂. The decreased phosphorus accumulation as well as the correspondingly-increased calcium carbonate content might be one of key factors causing glacial atmospheric CO₂ decline.     

陡山沱组盖帽碳酸盐岩C同位素特征及形成环境——以扬子北缘神农架地区为例

神农架地区位于华南扬子克拉通北缘,发育完整的成冰系- 埃迪卡拉系地层层序。本研究基于新近发现的6个埃迪卡拉系盖帽碳酸盐岩剖面,系统研究了其地层学、沉积学和C同位素地球化学特征,并依据盖帽碳酸盐岩发育的一系列沉积指相标志,讨论了盖帽碳酸盐岩形成的沉积环境。神农架盖帽碳酸盐岩由细粉晶白云岩组成,盖帽白云岩与下伏冰碛岩接触关系多较截然,部分为渐变过渡关系,沉积构造单调,以水平层理或块状层理为主,少见其他特殊沉积构造或岩石、矿物组分,偶见团粒、叶枝状等藻类生物,盖帽白云岩和上覆岩系构成快速海侵 退积的沉积层序。盖帽白云岩δ13C剖面显示,由下向上从极低(-6‰~-9‰)到中低(-4‰~-5‰)负漂移,或从中下部中低幅负偏逐渐向上更负偏(-4‰~-5‰间)或在中低负值附近高频振荡,但上覆沉积物的δ13C剖面保持持续中低负偏。研究表明,沉积指相标志及C同位素共同指示盖帽碳酸盐岩与冰后期海平面快速上升同步,这6个盖帽白云岩剖面 主要发育于神农架中西部浅水陆架潮坪区域。这些盖帽白云岩剖面的δ13C值基本类同于国内外埃迪卡拉盖帽白云岩δ13C剖面的变化规律,具有广泛的全球变化和对比意义。同时,神农架的这几个盖帽白云岩剖面δ13C值有其独特性,该特征是对冰后初期浅水碳酸盐岩沉积作用平衡全球海平面快速上升的响应。进一步研究发现,埃迪卡拉系初期盖帽碳酸盐岩沉积于扬子克拉通广泛的浅水陆架沉积环境,并非发育于从深水盆地—斜坡—陆架的各个沉积相区。     

四川省理县西山村滑坡运动变形过程中的微震研究

全球地震台站的增加及数据处理、建模和解释方面的进步为利用地震学研究滑坡区地下介质的动态变化提供了有利条件,使得利用滑坡地震信号研究滑坡特征逐渐成为滑坡监测中的重要手段之一。本文主要介绍了利用被动源地震学方法对滑坡信号进行识别分析和过程监测的技术和实际应用。通过案例研究表明,在合适的条件下,利用滑坡产生的地震信号可以经济又有效地监测滑坡过程,甚至能识别出滑坡灾害的前兆信号,为滑坡灾害预警提供技术支撑。未来若结合其它地球物理或遥感方法,建立多参数地球物理监测系统,将能大幅降低因滑坡灾害所导致的人员伤亡和经济损失。

     

The Contribution of Opal-Associated Phosphorus to Bioavailable Phosphorus in Surface and Core Sediments in the East China Sea

To improve the burial flux calculations of bioavailable phosphorus(P) and study opal-associated P(Opal-P) in the East China Sea(ECS), surface and core sediments were collected in the Changjiang Estuary(CE) and the south of the Cheju Island. In this study, sedimentary P was operationally divided into seven different forms using modified sedimentary extraction(SEDEX) technique: LSor-P(exchangeable or loosely sorbed P), Fe-P(easily reducible or reactive ferric Fe-bound P), CFA-P(authigenic carbonate fluorapatite and biogenic apatite and CaCO_3-bound P), Detr-P(detrital apatite), Org-P(organic P), Opal-P and Ref-P(refractory P). The data revealed that the concentrations of the seven different P forms rank as Detr-P CFA-P Org-P Ref-P Opal-P Fe-P LSor-P in surface sediments and CFA-P Detr-P Org-P Ref-P Fe-P Opal-P LSor-P in core sediments. The distributions of the total phosphorus(TP), TIP, CFA-P, Detr-P are similar and decrease from the CE to the south of the Cheju Island. Meanwhile, Org-P and Opal-P exhibit different distribution trends; this may be affected by the grain size and TOM. The concentrations of potentially bioavailable P are 9.6-13.0 μmol g~(-1) and 10.0-13.6 μmol g~(-1), representing 61%-70% and 41%-64% of the TP in surface and core sediments, respectively. The concentrations of Opal-P are 0.6-2.3 μmol g~(-1) and 0.6-1.4 μmol g~(-1) in surface and core sediments, accounting for 5.3%-19.8% and 4.2%-10.6% of bioavailable P, respectively. The total burial fluxes of Opal-P and bioavailable P are 1.4×10~9 mol yr~(-1) and 1.1×10~10 mol yr~(-1) in the ECS, respectively. Opal-P represents about 12.7% of potentially bioavailable P, which should be recognized when studying P cycling in marine ecosystems.     

多源矢量空间数据中面状水域几何准确性及现势性评估方法

多源矢量空间数据的评估方法一直以来比较欠缺。目前常用的专家决策方法,主要依赖专家的人工参与,不仅主观性强、执行效率低,而且使用门槛高。本文提出了多源矢量空间数据中面状水域的几何准确性与现势性评估方法,可以"量化"描述不同数据几何准确性与现势性的差异,并将评估结果可视化表达。试验结果表明,该方法科学客观、可靠有效。     

基于多源数据(资料)的地理空间信息提取及更新系统的设计

在列举多源数据(资料)的种类及所需进行预处理的基础之上,介绍基于多源数据(资料)进行地理空间信息提取及更新的具体技术。简述基于多源数据(资料)的地理空间信息半自动提取及更新的工作流程,并将该系统加以设计,以此提高地理空间信息的生产效率及质量。     

扬子克拉通北缘中元古界神农架群层序的厘定

神农架群被认为是除天津蓟县剖面外,我国出露相对最好的中元古界。由于其大致形成于1400～1000 Ma,故普遍被看好作为中国地层表中1320～1000 Ma时期地层记录缺失的候选层型剖面。尽管近年来神农架群的年代地层学、沉积学、古生物(叠层石形成与分布)及古海洋地球化学等方面研究进展显著,但有关神农架群的划分仍未达成共识。本文在神农架上前寒武系专题研究及神农架1：20万填图划分方案基础上,通过近十余年来对神农架群系统综合研究,重新厘定了神农架群层序。研究认为,神农架群由下至上可划分为下、中、上3个亚群,下亚群由下至上为鹰窝洞组、大岩坪组、马槽园组、乱石沟组、大窝坑组及矿石山组;中亚群包括台子组、野马河组、温水河组和石槽河组;上亚群则为下部送子园组与上部瓦岗溪组。神农架群的上述划分和层序厘定充分结合了神农架群同位素年代学、沉积地质演化、叠层石形态类型及旋回性发育特征、同位素与元素地球化学异常等特征和发育规律。本文是近10年来神农架群研究进展的总结,尽管神农架群目前已具备了建立待建系候选层型的基本条件,但其尚缺少顶界与底界层位年龄,也未见到下伏地层或基底,未来还需进一步开展综合研究。