Distribution of <Superscript>226</Superscript>Ra in the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea and its hydrologic implications

Radium-226 (²²⁶Ra) activities were measured in the surface water samples collected from the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea during the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. The results showed that ²²⁶Ra concentrations in the surface water ranged from 0.28 to 1.56 Bq/m³ with an average of 0.76 Bq/m³ in the Arctic Ocean, and from 0.25 to 1.26 Bq/m³ with an average of 0.71 Bq/m³ in the Bering Sea. The values were obviously lower than those from open oceans in middle and low latitudes, indicating that the study area may be partly influenced by sea ice meltwater. In the Bering Sea, ²²⁶Ra in the surface water decreased northward, probably as a result of the exchange between the ²²⁶Ra-deficient sea ice meltwater and the ²²⁶Ra-rich Pacific water. In the Arctic Ocean, ²²⁶Ra in the surface water increased northward and eastward. This spatial distribution of ²²⁶Ra reflected the variation of the ²²⁶Ra-enriched river component in the water mass of the Arctic Ocean. The vertical profiles of ²²⁶Ra in the Canadian Basin showed a concentration maximum at 200 m, which could be attributed to the inputs of the Pacific water or/and the bottom shelf water with high ²²⁶Ra concentration. This conclusion was consistent with the results from ²H, ¹⁸O tracers.     

Evolution mechanism of the western Pacific subtropical high

Ever since Charney et al.[1] studied the multiple equilibrium states in atmosphere with highly truncated spectral method in 1979, many Chinese researchers, such as Li Maicun et al. (1983)[2], Liu Chongjian et al. (1983)[3], Miu Jinhai et al. (1985)[4] and…     

Natural gas generation model and its response in accumulated fluids in the Yinggehai basin

The generation of natural gases is much more complicated in comparison with liquid petro-leum in that natural gases could be generated from both humic and sapropelic organic matter at different stages and that natural gases could be organic and inorganic …     

大地热流对中国西部环境与生态演变的影响及其研究意义

中国西部地区生态环境的优劣与大地热流的高低有良好的对应关系。大地热流较高的西南地区生态环境优良,孕育了我国最好的生物多样性;而大地热流较低的西北地区环境恶劣,生态脆弱,荒漠化严重。大地热流的脉动影响区域大气系统下垫面的热力背景和气流运动,从而影响降水的分布和区域气候的干湿程度;大地热流的高低决定了一个地区地表生态系统能量供给的下限,是生态系统演变过程中一个重要的物种限制因子,制约了一些地区生态系统物种的多样性,进而影响到区域生态系统的稳健性。对大地热流影响生态系统发育和演变机理的研究将为人类科学干预地表生态系统的演化、恢复与重建退化生态系统提供科学依据与技术方案。提出了西部生态环境整治的一些新的思路。     

中国西部地区典型岩质滑坡机理研究

本文根据作者在中国西部地区多年的研究工作实践,对几类典型的大型岩质斜坡变形及失稳机理进行了较为深入的分析,重点阐述了这些大型滑坡形成的地质条件、斜坡变形过程及发生机理的"概念模型",其中包括滑移-拉裂-剪断的三段式模式、挡墙溃决模式、"超级强夯"模式等.这些机理及模式的提出,对这一地区的防灾减灾实践具有一定的指导意义.     

Trends in phosphatase activity along a successional gradient of tidal freshwater marshes on the Cooper River South Carolina

Phosphatase activity was measured in sediments from tidal freshwater habitats adjacent to the Cooper River in South Carolina representing different stages of ecological succession. It was found that sediment (0–5 cm) acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphodiesterase activity increased with increasing successional stage and phytomass. Acid phosphatase activity in creased from 7.5±1.2 (±1 SD) in subtidal sediment from a shallow open water habitat without vegetation to 61.2±4.9 μmol g⁻¹ hr⁻¹ (μmol of p-nitrophenol released per gram of dry sediment per hour) in intertidal sediments colonized by emergent macrophytes, while alkaline phosphatase activity increased from 2.1±0.1 to 19.01±1.5 μmol g⁻¹ hr⁻¹. Phosphodiesterase activity increased from 1.8±0.1 to 20.2±2.0 μmol g⁻¹ hr⁻¹ along the same gradient. Acid phosphatase activity was highly correlated (R²=0.92, P<0.001) with the organic matter content of the sediment. A study of phosphatase kinetics showed that V_max of all phosphatases also increased along the successional gradient. Trends in phosphatase activity and V_max correlated positively with plant biomass and negatively with concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus in porewater, sediment extractable phosphorus, and total phosphourus. The porewater N∶P atom ratio decreased along the succession gradient from 25.3 in an early stage, open water community to 13.0 in a community dominated by emergent vegetation. The data also show that the distribution of the forms of phosphorus changed with successional stage. The change in distribution and the increased biological demand for phosphorus that paralleled succession were mediated by the activity of phosphatase enzymes.     

国际地球自转服务(IERS)评介

回顾了建立国际地球自转服务(IERS)的历史过程,简述了IERS机构各部门的设置及其作用。着重介绍了IERS重建的理由和过程以及新IERS机构的组成。最后给出IERS成果对现有科学研究的作用和意义。     

纤粒矿物粉尘体外细胞毒性研究

采用体外细胞培养技术,观察兔肺泡巨噬细胞死亡率,用丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的含量变化、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的活性变化来评价来自１２个矿６床的６种矿物的１２种结晶习性的矿物粉尘的细胞毒性,探讨其使巨噬细胞受损的机制。结果显示：沸石、硅灰石无细胞毒性,而其他的纤维状及片粒状矿物粉尘则表现出不同程度的细胞毒性,说明矿物粉尘的细胞毒性与矿物粉尘的形态有一定关系,但主要由矿物粉尘的特性所决     

An interval-parameter multi-stage stochastic programming model for water resources management under uncertainty

In this study, an interval-parameter multi-stage stochastic linear programming (IMSLP) method has been developed for water resources decision making under uncertainty. The IMSLP is a hybrid methodology of inexact optimization and multi-stage stochastic programming. It has three major advantages in comparison to the other optimization techniques. Firstly, it extends upon the existing multi-stage stochastic programming method by allowing uncertainties expressed as probability density functions and discrete intervals to be effectively incorporated within the optimization framework. Secondly, penalties are exercised with recourse against any infeasibility, which permits in-depth analyses of various policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of economic consequences when the promised water-allocation targets are violated. Thirdly, it cannot only handle uncertainties through constructing a set of scenarios that is representative for the universe of possible outcomes, but also reflect dynamic features of the system conditions through transactions at discrete points in time over the planning horizon. The developed IMSLP method is applied to a hypothetical case study of water resources management. The results are helpful for water resources managers in not only making decisions of water allocation but also gaining insight into the tradeoffs between environmental and economic objectives.     

几种静校正方法的比较研究

为解决近地表速度异常和地形起伏引起的静校正问题,已出现了多种静校正方法,这常常使资料处理人员无所适从。这里从众多的静校正方法中选择了三个具有代表性的,在生产中用得较多的方法(折射静校正、无射线追踪层析静校正、非线性层析静校正),从方法原理、方法特点、实际应用效果等方面进行了比较研究,最后给出了针对不同目标选择适当静校正方法的建议,以帮助资料处理人员在实际资料处理中,有针对性地选择静校正方法,快速有效地完成资料处理任务,提高处理质量。