用古植被面貌重建桂林3. 7万年以来的气候变化

末次冰期自37kaB. P.以来至9kaB. P.时段内,对桂林一带的影响主要是降温及降雨量减少,平均气温最低7～ 9℃ ,比现今低10～12℃ ,其间虽有波动,但未发现有冰川的证据。9～ 8kaB. P. ,桂林气候发生突变,在1ka 的时间内,平均气温的变化幅度达12～ 13℃ ; 8kaB.P. 时桂林年均气温升至21～ 22℃ ,比现今高2～ 3℃ ; 3. 69kaB. P. 时,气温升到最高,年均气温达22～ 23℃ ,比现今高3～ 4℃ ,年均降雨量也相应发生一定的变化      

福建省物探化探遥感成果回顾（续）

福建物探、化探工作起步于20世纪50年代。近半个世纪以来,福建省地质工作者利用物探、化探、遥感等技术在区域地质,深部地质,矿产地质,水文地质、工程地质,环境地质,医学地质,农业地质等领域取得了丰硕成果,但还存在一定差距。为进一步提高福建省物探、化探、遥感等技术水平和扩大应用领域,对今后工作提出几点建议和对策。     

Late Neogene loess deposition in southern Tarim Basin: tectonic and palaeoenvironmental implications

Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the late Cainozoic resulted in a thick apron of molassic sediments along the northern piedmonts of the Kunlun and Altyn Mountains in the southern Tarim Basin. Early Neogene sediments are characterised by sandstone, siltstone and red mudstone, representing floodplain to distal alluvial fan environments. The Early Pliocene Artux Formation consists of medium-grained sandstone and sandy mudstone with thin layers of fine pebbly gritstone. The Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Xiyu Formation is dominated by pebble to boulder conglomerate typical of alluvial fan debris flow deposits. Sedimentological investigation, together with grain size and chemical analyses of siltstone bands intercalated with sandstone and conglomerate in the Xiyu and Artux Formations, point to an aeolian origin, suggesting desertic conditions in the Tarim Basin by the Early Pliocene. The onset of aeolian sedimentation in the southern Tarim Basin coincided with uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau inferred from the lithofacies change from fine-grained mudstone and sandstone to coarse clasts. Tibetan Plateau uplift resulted in the shift of sedimentary environments northwards into the southern Tarim Basin, and could well have triggered the onset of full aridity in the Taklimakan region as a whole.     

塔里木盆地巴什托普构造带志留系、奥陶系油气藏预测

巴什托普构造带已经发现了石炭系的生物碎屑灰岩油藏,其烃源岩为寒武系—奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩层。推测油气运移必经之路上的志留系圈闭和奥陶系圈闭中可能存在油气藏。对巴什托普构造带石炭系以下志留系和奥陶系的分析表明,志留系下砂岩段与其上覆的红色泥岩段可以构成一个有利的储盖组合,下奥陶统石灰岩段有可能形成石灰岩岩溶并与其上覆志留系巨厚的暗色泥岩段组成一套储盖组合。在巴什托普构造带,在与油源沟通良好、构造圈闭有利的位置上,应该可以形成工业性油气藏。     

Combined effects of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on soil microorganism communities

Soil contaminated sites contain a variety of pollutants, especially heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Interactions between heavy metals have been relatively well studied, but little is known about interactions between heavy metals and PAHs. The combined effect of heavy metals and PAHs on soil microorganism was studied in laboratory conditions and evaluated by random denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. We extracted DNA directly from contaminated soils and then amplified the V3 sequences of the 16S rDNA. The results showed that with different culture time, the gene diversity of the single and combined contaminated soil differed as well. After 15 days of culture, the microorganisms were stimulated and accommodated. After 45 days of cultivation, the quantities of the soil microorganisms were affected. It is concluded that some of the microorganisms utilize phenanthrene as important carbon resources. Microorganisms directly isolated from soil could reflect the diversity of soil microorganism and population distribution conditions.     

地震勘探在地层倾角较大地区的应用初探

在地层倾角较大地区,尤其是通过钻孔见煤深度推断的地层倾角变化较大地区,钻孔之间的地层及构造变化情况,若仅依靠钻孔资料,可能会得出与事实相反的结论。大倾角地层地区的地震勘探,须解决的地质问题主要有：受构造运动影响,煤系地层被风化剥蚀后,与新生界呈不不整合接触关系的煤层露头点：背斜轴部发育的褶曲、断层以及煤层赋存形态的变化;受大断层的牵引作用,其附近地层倾角变化及小断层的发育情况。在地震资料处理时,对干涉波应采用炮炮计算切除量及去线性干扰模块进行切除：并认为偏移处理中的层速度,做沿层平滑较均方根速度平滑更加合理。在进行解释时,应注意分辨不同的波形特征及断点识别标志。实例表明：地震勘探可以准确地控制单斜地层因断层导致的背斜构造及地层倾角变化情况。     

Measurements of Rare Earth Element and Other Element Mass Fractions in Environmental Reference Materials (NIST SRM 1646a,NIST SRM 1400, IAEA‐395 and IAEA‐450) by INAA,ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS

INAA, ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS were used to elementally characterise four environmental reference materials – NIST SRM 1646a (Estuarine Sediment), NIST SRM 1400 (Bone Ash), IAEA‐395 (Urban Dust) and IAEA‐450 (Algae). An analytical scheme consisting of the three methods was first applied to NIST SRM 1646a to validate the methodology because it has been extensively analysed and has certified values for many elements. With repeated analyses of NIST SRM 1646a, the accuracy and measurement repeatability of the data obtained were evaluated based on two statistical calculations (zeta‐score and Horwitz ratio) and were observed to be good enough for the analytical scheme to be applied to similar sorts of environmental/geochemical samples. Applying the same approach to NIST SRM 1400, IAEA‐395 and IAEA‐450, enabled mass fractions of 29, 38 and 28 elements to be determined, respectively. Among these results, the data for rare earth elements are of particular interest, not only for IAEA‐450 but also for the other three reference samples. The data for Pr, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm in NIST SRM 1646a are newly reported in this study. By using small test portions (< 100 mg) for NIST SRM 1646a and IAEA‐395, and recommended minimum amounts for NIST SRM 1400 and IAEA‐450, sample homogeneity was evaluated.     

Geochemistry and geochronology of the mafic dikes in the Taipusi area,northern margin of North China Craton: Implications for Silurian tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogen

The Taipusi area in the Bainaimiao Arc Belt is located in the northern margin of the North China Craton, at the southern margin of the middle Central Asian Orogenic Belt. It is characterized by large exposures of mafic dikes. In this contribution, we present first-hand whole-rock major and trace elements, zircon U–Pb geochronology and in situ trace element geochemistry data for these mafic rocks, which reveal their petrogenesis and tectonic evolution. These mafic dikes display varied compositions of \(\hbox {SiO}_{2}\) (49.42–54.29%), \(\hbox {TiO}_{2}\) (0.63–1.08%), \(\hbox {Al}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}\) (13.94–17.60%), MgO (4.66–10.51%), \(\hbox {Fe}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}\) (1.59–3.07%), FeO (4.60–6.90%), CaO (4.57–8.91%), \(\hbox {Na}_{2}\hbox {O}\) (1.61–4.26%), \(\hbox {K}_{2}\hbox {O}\) (0.92–2.54%) and \(\hbox {P}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5}\) (0.11–0.29%). They are mainly of high-K calc-alkaline series with indistinct Eu anomalies, enriched in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, K and Sr) but depleted in high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, P and Ti). These suggest that the crystallizing magma was derived from enriched mantle altered by metasomatic fluids in a subduction setting with imprints of active continental margin features. The high concentrations of Hf, U, Th, Pb and Y, pronounced positive Ce but slightly negative Eu anomalies in zircons indicating that the magma underwent a fractional crystallization and crustal contamination process, with medium to high \(f\hbox {O}_{2}\). Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating yielded concordant ages of 437–442 Ma for these mafic dikes, which is consistent with the early Paleozoic volcanic arc magmatic activity in the Bainaimiao area. Hence, we conclude that the Bainaimiao Arc Belt is a continental arc formed by the southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian ocean during early Paleozoic.     

Pseudosection modelling and garnet Lu–Hf geochronology of HP amphibole schists constrain the closure of an ocean basin between the northern and southern Lhasa blocks,central Tibet

The P–T–t path of high‐P metamorphic rocks in subduction zones may reveal valuable information regarding the tectonic processes along convergent plate boundaries. Herein, we present a detailed petrological, pseudosection modelling and radiometric dating study of several amphibole schists of oceanic affinity from the Lhasa Block, Tibet. The amphibole schists experienced an overall clockwise P–T path that was marked by post‐P_max heating–decompression and subsequent isothermal decompression following the attainment of peak high‐P and low‐T conditions (~490°C and 1.6 GPa). Pseudosection modelling shows that the amphibole schists underwent water‐unsaturated conditions during prograde metamorphism, and the stability field of the assemblage extends to lower temperatures and higher pressures within the water‐unsaturated condition relative to water‐saturated model along the prograde path. The high‐P amphibole schists were highly reduced during retrograde metamorphism. Precise evaluation of the ferric iron conditions determined from the different compositions of epidote inclusions in garnet and matrix epidote is crucial for a true P–T estimate by garnet isopleth thermobarometry. Lu–Hf isotope analyses on garnet size separates from a garnet‐bearing amphibole schist yield four two‐point garnet–whole‐rock isochron ages from 228.2 ± 1.2 Ma to 224.3 ± 1.2 Ma. These Lu–Hf dates are interpreted to constrain the period of garnet growth and approximate the timing of prograde metamorphism because of the low peak metamorphic temperature of the rock and the well‐preserved Mn/Lu growth zoning in garnet. The majority of zircon U–Pb dates provide no constraints on the timing of metamorphism; however, two concordant U–Pb dates of 222.4 ± 3.9 Ma and 223.3 ± 4.2 Ma were obtained from narrow and uncommon metamorphic rims. Coexistence of zircon and sphene in the samples implies that the metamorphic zircon growth was likely assisted by retrogression of rutile to sphene during exhumation. The near coincident radiometric dates of zircon U–Pb and garnet Lu–Hf indicate rapid burial and exhumation of the amphibole schists, suggesting a closure time of c. 224–223 Ma for the fossil ocean basin between the northern and southern Lhasa blocks.     

An experimental study on controlling post-earthquake debris flows using slit dams

Post-earthquake debris flows often break out in groups frequently, which are usually caused by the abundant loose solid materials that produced by earthquake. Slit dams represent a practical and effective kind of countermeasure for controlling the post-earthquake debris flow. Flume experiments were carried out to study the interaction mechanism and the effect of slit dams on the post-earthquake debris flows. The results showed that affected by the slit dams, some certain types of deposits formed on the upstream. The steeper the flume slope, as well as the greater the width and the density of slits, the easier the lateral deposit became “V” shaped. Otherwise, the lateral deposit was more likely to be “–?” shaped. When the flume slopes were 12°, 16° and 20°, the profiles of the deposits would be long-shallow type, short-thick type and short-shallow type, respectively. The slope of the deposition first decreases and then increases with the flume slope increasing within a certain range. The slit dam can trap the coarse sand and discharge the fine sand. The maximum attenuation rate can reach 44.4%. The effect of this capacity gradually weakens as the flume slope is increased. When the width or the density of slits is smaller, the greater the rate of decrease in peak sand discharge and the greater the effect of peak cutting will be. The reduction in the sediment storage rate is likely due to the increase in the width and the density of the slits. With the increase in flume slope, the sediment storage rate first increases, then decreases, which reaches a maximum value when the flume slope is 16°.