大火成岩省的成矿效应

大火成岩省(LIPs)是地质历史上重大的地质事件,巨量的岩浆堆积形成了丰富的矿产资源.按照成矿作用与LIPs事件的关系,将其划分为两种类型:①成矿作用与LIPs事件直接相关,两者时间一致或者成矿作用稍晚,该类型矿床可以作为LIPs的组成部分;②成矿作用与LIPs事件在时间上有明显的间断,但与LIPs有间接的成因联系.与...     

柳江流域岩溶草丛群落生物量和碳储量的初步研究

根据柳江流域草丛群落类型、高度及其分布面积选择平均高度>1.5m、0.5~1m和<0.5m的高、中、低3种高度的代表性草丛,通过收获法研究了其群落生物量,并对其碳储量进行了初步估算。研究结果表明:(1)五节芒(Miscanthusflorid-ulus)、毛秆野古草(Arundinellahirta)和假俭草(Eremochloaophiuroides)草丛群落的生物量分别为8609.68g/m2、1022.61g/m2和821.63g/m2,生物量与高度呈正相关,但随群落高度增加,地上生物量增加迅速,地下生物量增长平缓;(2)随群落高度增加,生物量迅速向地上部分聚集,低矮的假俭草群落地下生物量与地上生物量的比值为1.91,高度中等的毛秆野古草群落为1.32,但高度大的五节芒群落仅为0.21,地下/地上生物量比值与群落高度呈负相关,其中毛秆野古草与五节芒群落的地下生物量和地上生物量可以用幂函数很好的拟合(R2>0.79,P<0.01),因此二者可以依据地上生物量便捷的估算其地下生物量,但假俭草地下和地上生物量的关系模型不理想;(3)地下生物量以幂函数关系随深度递减(R2>0.95,P<0.01),主要集中分布在0~20cm土层,可达根系生物量的80%以上,40cm以下土层中根系很少;(4)柳江流域岩溶区草丛植被的碳储量达9.51TgC。      

Renewed profile of the Mesozoic magmatism in Korean Peninsula: Regional correlation and broader implication for cratonic destruction in the North China Craton

Widespread Mesozoic magmatism occurs in the Korean Peninsula (KP). The status quo is poles apart between the northern and southern parts in characterizing its distribution and nature, with the nearly absence of any related information in North Korea. We have the opportunity to have conducted geological investigations in North Korea and South Korea during the past ten years through international cooperation programs. This led to the revelation of a number of granitoids and related volcanic rocks and thus facilitates the comparison with those in East China and Japan. Mesozoic granitoids in the KP can be divisible into three age groups: the Triassic group with a peak age of ~220 Ma, the Jurassic one of ~190–170 Ma and the late Early Cretaceous one of ~110 Ma. The Triassic intrusions include syenite, calc-alkaline to alkaline granite and minor kimberlite in the Pyeongnam Basin of North Korea. They have been considered to form in post-orogenic settings related to the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) or the Dabie-Sulu Orogenic Belt (DSOB). The Jurassic granitoids constitute extensive occurrence in the KP and are termed as the Daebo-period magmatism. They correlate well with coeval counterparts in NE China encompassing the northeastern part of the North China Craton (NCC) and the eastern segment of the CAOB. They commonly consist of biotite or two-mica granites and granodiorites, with some containing small dark diorite enclaves. On one hand, Early Jurassic to early Middle Jurassic magmatic rocks are rare in most areas of the NCC, whilst Middle-Late Jurassic ones are not developed in the KP. On the other hand, both NCC and KP host abundant Cretaceous granites. However, the present data revealed contrasting age peaks, with ~130–125 Ma in the NCC and ~110–105 Ma in the KP. Cretaceous granites in the KP comprise the dominant biotite granites and a few amphibole granites. The former exhibit mildly fractionated REE patterns and zircon ε _Hf(t) values from -15 to -25, whereas the latter feature strongly fractionated REE patterns and zircon ε _Hf(t) values from -10 to -1. Both granites contain inherited zircons of ~1.8–1.9 or ~2.5 Ga. These geochemical characters testify to their derivation from re-melting distinct protoliths in ancient basement. Another Cretaceous magmatic sub-event has been entitled as the Gyeongsang volcanism, which is composed of bimodal calc-alkaline volcanic rocks of 94–55 Ma and granitic-hypabyssal granitic bodies of 72–70 Ma. Synthesizing the Mesozoic magmatic rocks across the KP, NCC and Japan can lead to the following highlights: (1) All Triassic granites in the NCC, KP and Japan have similar characteristics in petrology, chronology and geochemistry. Therefore, the NCC, KP and Japan tend to share the same tectonic setting during the Triassic, seemingly within the context of Indosinian orogensis. (2) Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the NCC seem to define two episodes: episode A from 175 to 157 Ma and episode B from 157 to 135 Ma. Jurassic magmatic rocks in the KP span in age mainly from 190 to 170 Ma, whereas 160–135 Ma ones are rare. With the exception of ~197 Ma Funatsu granite, Jurassic magmatic rocks are absent in Japan. (3) Cretaceous granites in the KP have a peak age of ~110, ~20 Ma younger than those in the NCC, while Japan is exempt from ~130–100 Ma granites. (4) The spatial-temporal distribution and migratory characteristics of the Jurassic-Cretaceous magmatic rocks in Japan, KP, and NE China-North China indicate that the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate might not be operative before Late Cretaceous (~130–120 Ma). (5) Late Cretaceous magmatic rocks (~90–60 Ma) occur in the southwestern corner of the KP and also in Japan, coinciding with the metamorphic age of ~90–70 Ma in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of Japan. The magmatic-metamorphic rock associations and their spatial distribution demonstrate the affinities of sequentially subduction zone, island arc and back-arc basin from Japan to Korea, arguing for the Pacific plate subduction during Late Cretaceous. (6) This study raises another possibility that the Mesozoic cratonic destruction in the NCC, which mainly occurred during ~150–120 Ma, might not only be due to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate, but also owe much to the intraplate geodynamic forces triggered by other adjacent continental plates like the Eurasian and Indian plates.     

A background error covariance model of significant wave height employing Monte Carlo simulation

The quality of background error statistics is one of the key components for successful assimilation of observations in a numerical model.The background error covariance(BEC) of ocean waves is generally estimated under an assumption that it is stationary over a period of time and uniform over a domain.However,error statistics are in fact functions of the physical processes governing the meteorological situation and vary with the wave condition.In this paper,we simulated the BEC of the significant wave height(SWH) employing Monte Carlo methods.An interesting result is that the BEC varies consistently with the mean wave direction(MWD).In the model domain,the BEC of the SWH decreases significantly when the MWD changes abruptly.A new BEC model of the SWH based on the correlation between the BEC and MWD was then developed.A case study of regional data assimilation was performed,where the SWH observations of buoy 22001 were used to assess the SWH hindcast.The results show that the new BEC model benefits wave prediction and allows reasonable approximations of anisotropy and inhomogeneous errors.     

Energetics and temporal variability of internal tides in Luzon Strait: a nonhydrostatic numerical simulation

A fully nonlinear,three-dimensional nonhydrostatic model driven by four principal tidal constituents(M2,S2,K1,and O1) is used to investigate the spatial-temporal characteristics and energetics of internal tides in Luzon Strait(LS).The model results show that,during spring(neap) tides,about 64(47) GW(1 GW=109 W) of barotropic tidal energy is consumed in LS,of which 59.0%(50.5%) is converted to baroclinic tides.About 22(11) GW of the derived baroclinic energy flux subsequently passes from LS,among which 50.9%(54.3%) flows westward into the South China Sea(SCS) and 45.0%(39.7%) eastward into the Pacific Ocean,and the remaining 16(13) GW is lost locally owing to dissipation and convection.It is revealed that generation areas of internal tides vary with the spring and neap tide,indicating different source areas for internal solitary waves in the northern SCS.The region around the Batan Islands is the most important generation region of internal tides during both spring and neap tides.In addition,the baroclinic tidal energy has pronounced seasonal variability.Both the total energy transferred from barotropic tides to baroclinic tides and the baroclinic energy flux flowing out of LS are the highest in summer and lowest in winter.     

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Effect of Farmyard Manure Application on Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks and Its Eco-environmental Impact

A much improved understanding of how farmyard manure application may affect carbonate rock dissolution is needed in order to predict possible feedbacks between the rock carbon cycle and the global climate system. Two carbonate mineral rock tablets; dolomite and limestone were buried at six depths between 0 and 110 cm in a soil typical of the subtropical karst area in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province. The extent of tablet dissolution, soil CO2, soil pH, soil water content, soil mineral and chemical composition, and chemical composition of soil water were tested in order to assess the degree of dissolution under manure application over the course of one year. The results show that manure addition decreases the dissolution rate of carbonate rocks; limestone and dolomite by between 11.7%-116.9% and 25.0%-65.69% respectively, with the dissolution rate of limestone consistently exceeding that of dolomite under the same conditions. Our data indicates that the rate of pedogenesis of the dolomite and limestone rocks is decreased as much as 35.77% and 59.41% respectively, as a result of manure application. Moreover, the results suggest that manure application accelerated the generation of soil CO2, with soil CO2 concentration increasing on average by 93.94%, and the CO2 flux increasing by 67.64% compared with the control profile. Finally, the data also indicates that manure decreases CO2 uptake by dissolution of carbonate rocks by 25.50%-39.45% on a Guiyang city scale. The counteraction of the CO2 sink contributed by karst water due to farmyard manure utilization in general karst area (both dolomite and limestone) however was 59.41%-62.72%, indicating the application of manure successfully reduces both dissolution and CO2 release to the atmosphere.

     

黑龙江省东北部街津口-抚远地区花岗闪长斑岩的锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

报导了黑龙江省东北部街津口-抚远地区花岗闪长斑岩中的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果,以限定该区花岗闪长斑岩的形成时代及其构造属性。花岗闪长斑岩中的锆石多呈自形-半自形晶,振荡环带发育,Th/U值主要为0.31～1.23,指示其岩浆成因。对岩浆锆石的定年结果表明,这些花岗闪长斑岩均形成于晚白垩世（90.2～94.8 Ma）,而非前人认为的晚印支期。结合研究区及其邻区同时代火成岩的组合特征和古太平洋板块的构造演化历史,认为黑龙江省东北部街津口-抚远地区晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩形成于古太平洋板块向东亚大陆俯冲的构造背景,该期岩浆事件标志着古太平洋板块正向俯冲作用的开始。     

密闭取心饱和度校正数学模型

利用密闭取心井资料分析油、水饱和度是目前最直接有效的方法,但是由于岩心上提导致的孔隙体积变大、降压脱气和钻井液侵入等过程的影响,岩心测试油、水饱和度之和一般均只有75%~85%,油、水饱和度都有较大损失,因而需要对油、水饱和度进行校正,争取求准饱和度数据。本次研究进行了挥发过程及岩心上提过程的室内实验,发现密闭取心降压脱气过程是造成油水饱和度损失的主要因素,目前实验条件难以如实模拟这一过程,研究中以流体分流率原理为核心,建立了降压脱气的数学校正模型;降压还会导致孔隙增大,岩心的覆压孔渗实验能够准确反映这一变化,为油水饱和度校正提供依据。建立的密闭取心饱和度校正数学模型精度与保压密闭取心的测试结果相当,具有推广意义。钻井液浸入造成的油水饱和度损失数量比较小,但是疏松砂岩中强浸的岩心样品油水饱和度数据需要校正,校正量一般不大于2%。