1927年古浪8级大震地表破裂特征及形成机制

野外考察结果表明,１９２７年古浪８级大地震造成了６段不同规模、不同方向、不同力学成因、不同等级的地表破裂,构成了呈面状分布的复杂地震破裂带,与我国西部地区由走滑断层运动形成的破裂带相比具有较大差异。其中的４段破裂与极震区及余震分布的位置相重合,主体散布在冬青顶北麓一带,沿皇城－双塔活动断裂的东段和武威－天祝活动断裂北段分布,是１９２７年古浪地震的主破裂带。其余两段分别分布在Ⅸ度区内的皇城－双塔断裂中段和西山堡－滴水崖断裂带上,是高烈度区内的次级破裂。４段主破裂是在统一构造应力场作用下形成的产物,具有统一变形机制。其中冬青顶张性破裂带是发育在山前下方寨－严家新庄逆断层上盘的次级张性破裂,而主破裂是由逆断层运动在寺儿沟滩等处的山前洪积台地上产生的     

三维地震数据的方位角时差校正及其应用

三维地震数据的同一共中心点道集是由不同方位角的地震道组成的。当地下地层倾斜时,共中心点道集的反射同相轴就存在方位角时差。本文根据方位角时差校正（ＡＭＯ）的基本原理,从ｆ－ｋ域的正、逆ＤＭＯ出发,通过稳相法得到积分法ＡＭＯ脉冲响应的时间、振幅因子公式。把ＡＭＯ应用于一束实际三维地震数据处理,经ＡＭＯ处理后的剖面绕射波和断面反射波得到了加强,其效果是令人满意的。     

金属成矿各论(二)

本文从分散元素讨论金属成矿问题,这必然涉及到与它们共存金属的成矿体系。因而提出金属元素的产生和资源类型之间的关系问题,供今后研究。一、一般情况分散元素是一个经验名词,是指常存在于另一种主金属矿物中的元素,它们虽在一定条件下也可以形成独立矿物,但是它们很少形成自己的独立矿石。因此,找分散元素的富集点常是在金属矿石里下工夫。     

Electro-connection marine corrosion test method and its application

Corrosion of marine steel constructions may vary to a considerable extent owing to their different locations such as atmosphere, splash zone, tidal zone, immersion zone and mud zone^{[7, 8]}. A rather lengthy hanging steel sample is needed to test its corrosion resistance in various environments. But it is cumbersome to handle and not convenient for frequent observation and maintenance. So an indoor analogue test method is generally adopted for this purpose^[1]. This paper is a report of such a test. Contribution No. 1333 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica.     

西沙群岛生物碳酸盐的成因和沉积:来自活体仙掌藻的证据

A recent island survey reveals that the Xuande Atoll and the Yongle Atoll in the Xisha Islands can be classified into one of two systems: the depleted atoll system and growth atoll system; the survey also indicates that the decreased area of several shoals is an unbearable burden for the Xisha Islands, of which the largest island area is 2.13 km2 and the minimum elevation is 1.4 m. According to a survey on the ecological characteristics of Halimeda in the Laolongtou breaker zone of Shidao Island in the Xisha Islands, the green and white living Halimeda are collected,the isotopic ages of 14 C contained in the Halimeda are shown to be 27 years and 55 years, respectively, and carbonate mainly occurs in five types, i.e., luster, segment, sand, sand grain, and marl in the formation. The Halimeda segments mainly provide the carbonate sediments of long-term biogenic deposits in the reef environment and the annual productivity per area is 60–100 g/m2; the characteristics of the microstructure of the Halimeda are analyzed, the aragonite raphide carbonate is deposited and enriched in the cortexes, medullas and cysts, and the Halimeda generally contain major elements such as C, O, Ca, Cl, Mg, K, Na, S and Al, and are rich in trace elements such as tellurium(Te), rhodium(Rh) and strontium. It is believed that the Halimeda grow slowly,including the biotic community of reef corals in the reef areas, thus they possess an environmental remediation capacity, but it takes much time to remedy the environment, and it is necessary to make the law to protect the diversity and vulnerability of the Xisha marine ecology, the ecology of the reef community and the island environment in a scientific way. As indicated in the survey, under the background of global warming and sea-level rise, the discovery of large amounts of Halimeda in the Laolongtou sea area is significant for the natural increase of the depleted atoll system of the Xuande Atoll, while the Halimeda segments represent the primary form of the fossil Halimeda, of which the species can be identified and preserved in great numbers under geological conditions. The Miocene was discovered in large amounts in the Xichen-1 well, therefore the study on the characteristics and mechanism of Halimeda carbonate sediments plays a pivotal role in the formation and construction of organic reefs in the South China Sea as well as oil and gas exploration.     

Evaluation of radar and automatic weather station data assimilation for a heavy rainfall event in southern China

To improve the accuracy of short-term(0–12 h) forecasts of severe weather in southern China, a real-time storm-scale forecasting system, the Hourly Assimilation and Prediction System(HAPS), has been implemented in Shenzhen, China. The forecasting system is characterized by combining the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW)model and the Advanced Regional Prediction System(ARPS) three-dimensional variational data assimilation(3DVAR) package. It is capable of assimilating radar reflectivity and radial velocity data from multiple Doppler radars as well as surface automatic weather station(AWS) data. Experiments are designed to evaluate the impacts of data assimilation on quantitative precipitation forecasting(QPF) by studying a heavy rainfall event in southern China. The forecasts from these experiments are verified against radar, surface, and precipitation observations. Comparison of echo structure and accumulated precipitation suggests that radar data assimilation is useful in improving the short-term forecast by capturing the location and orientation of the band of accumulated rainfall. The assimilation of radar data improves the short-term precipitation forecast skill by up to9 hours by producing more convection. The slight but generally positive impact that surface AWS data has on the forecast of near-surface variables can last up to 6–9 hours. The assimilation of AWS observations alone has some benefit for improving the Fractions Skill Score(FSS) and bias scores; when radar data are assimilated, the additional AWS data may increase the degree of rainfall overprediction.     

基于作物系数与水分生产函数的向日葵产量预测

利用河套灌区向日葵2012年田间水分、分期播种试验数据和两个站点的农业气象历史资料,研究基于向日葵作物系数和水分生产函数的产量预测方法。结果表明:向日葵标准作物系数在生育期内的变化规律是前期小、中期大、后期小, 最高值为1.21, 出现在开花期。标准作物系数与出苗后日数和大于0℃积温有很好的二次和三次多项式关系,拟合优度在0.93以上。在分析相对叶面积指数和作物系数关系的基础上,提出标准作物系数的相对叶面积指数订正方法,得出河套灌区向日葵作物系数的动态计算式,为水分生产函数中实际蒸散量的计算提供支撑。建立以Jensen模型为基础的向日葵水分生产函数,得到对水分亏缺的敏感顺序从高到低是开花期、花序形成期、成熟期、苗期。综合应用向日葵作物系数方程和水分生产函数模型计算分期播种产量,与实际产量分别相差4.4%和4.1%,初步证明该文提出的方法对产量预测较为理想,在该地区具有很好的适用性。