新疆伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿床层间氧化带中粘土矿物特征及与铀矿化关系研究

新疆伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿床,由于规模大、成矿环境和成矿条件好,在同类型矿床中具有良好的代表性,研究矿床的成矿作用对今后找矿勘查以及开采具有重要理论意义。本文在区域赋铀层位沉积环境研究基础上,以赋矿围岩为研究主体,对伊犁盆地典型铀矿床沉积序列和矿床的控矿层位开展研究,通过对赋矿沉积层位中粘土质对铀矿成矿的控制作用及与铀矿的空间联系和成因分析,开展系统的铀矿床学、能谱测试、显微结构、扫描电镜、地球化学、氢氧同位素等研究,特别是开展了富矿砂体中粘土矿物的种类、成分、结构、同位素、成因等的研究,对粘土质矿物对铀矿成矿的控制作用进行了系统研究。通过研究粘土矿物在伊犁盆地蒙其古尔砂岩型铀矿床成矿过程中的作用及与铀矿的空间联系和成因分析表明:粘土矿物在层间氧化带中分布较为广泛,在主要矿体的氧化还原过渡带中,尤其是部分具有强烈粘土蚀变的砂岩层中铀含量较其他层位要高,反映出粘土矿物与铀成矿是有成因关联的。通过系统的扫描电镜、能谱测试研究,从微观证明粘土矿物与铀成矿有相关关系;粘土矿物的存在导致在近地表含氧含铀水在经过砂岩孔隙时被具有较强吸附能力和巨大表面自由能的粘土矿物所吸附,形成了铀含量较高的片状,团块状的粘土矿物,其在铀成矿作用中起到了吸附和界面的作用,有利于赋矿空间的形成及定位。结合沉积作用、构造活动和后期流体成矿作用等因素,分析了成矿机制和成矿作用,赋矿层位中的粘土矿物、其它成矿条件如岩性(赋矿层和矿源层)、构造(对铀矿化的动力和对地下水径流及铀矿体)等共同控制了铀成矿作用。     

改进HOT法的Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像雾霾及薄云去除

针对Haze optimized transformation(HOT)方法存在的地物敏感性、过度矫正、红绿蓝波段RGB合成影像色彩失真等问题,提出了相应的改进方法。首先,采用归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)结合地物红蓝光谱差(RBSD)制作通用掩膜,并利用掩膜提取原始影像植被覆盖区对应的原始HOT图部分作为HOT值评估雾霾强度的有效像素集;然后从有效像素集出发推断非植被区的HOT值,得到有效HOT图;最后以有效HOT图为参考,实施暗目标减法。在暗目标减法过程中,首先利用直方图取百分位数的方法确定起始波段的改正值,然后根据散射模型计算其他波段的改正值。在红蓝光谱空间中,去雾后的影像表现出与原始无云区相似的特征,同时保持了不同地物间的差异。实验表明:改进的HOT方法能有效去除雾霾及薄云;有效解决了HOT对水体、裸地、人造地物等地表覆被类型的敏感性问题,避免了RGB合成影像的色彩失真;并且统一了不同波段的纠正尺度,解决了某一(或几个)波段的过度矫正问题,防止了块斑和光晕的产生。     

Construction of a cDNA library for sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acaudina leucoprocta</Emphasis> and differential expression of ferritin peptide

Acaudina leucoprocta is an edible sea cucumber of economic interest that is widely distributed in China. Little information is available concerning the molecular genetics of this species although such knowledge would contribute to a better understanding of the optimal conditions for its aquaculture and its mechanisms of defense against disease. Therefore, we constructed a cDNA library and, based on bioinformatics analysis of the sequences, the functions of 75% of the cDNAs were identified, including those involved in cell structure, energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and signal transduction pathways. Approximately 25% of genes in the library were unmatched. The gene for A. leucoprocta ferritin was also cloned. The predicted amino-acid sequence of ferritin displayed significant homology with other sea-cucumber counterparts but indicated that it was a new member of the ferritin family. Semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR indicated the highest levels of ferritin mRNA expression in the intestine. A polyclonal antibody of ferritin was also produced. These data provide a set of molecular tools essential for further studies of the functions of ferritin protein in A. leucoprocta.     

Probabilistic modeling of disrupted infrastructures due to fallen trees subjected to extreme winds in urban community

Natural Hazards - Tree failures due to strong winds in urban areas cause extensive direct and indirect economic and environmental loss, including disrupting adjacent infrastructures, such as...     

Geochemical characteristics and origin of gases from the Upper,Lower Paleozoic and the Mesozoic reservoirs in the Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin, the second largest sedimentary basin in China, contains the broad distribution of natural gas types. So far, several giant gas fields have been discovered in the Upper and Lower Paleozoic in this basin, each having over 1000×10⁸m³ of proven gas reserves, and several gas pools have also been discovered in the Mesozoic. This paper collected the data of natural gases and elucidated the geochemical characteristics of gases from different reservoirs, and then discussed their origin. For hydrocarbons preserved in the Upper Paleozoic, the elevated δ ¹³C values of methane, ethane and propane indicate that the gases would be mainly coal-formed gases; the singular reversal in the stable carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes suggests the mixed gases from humic sources with different maturity. In the Lower Paleozoic, the δ ¹³C₁ values are mostly similar with those in the Upper Paleozoic, but the δ ¹³C₂ and δ ¹³C₃ values are slightly lighter, suggesting that the gases would be mixing of coal-type gases as a main member and oil-type gases. There are multiple reversals in carbon isotopes for gaseous alkanes, especially abnormal reversal for methane and ethane (i.e. δ ¹³C₁>δ ¹³C₂), inferring that gases would be mixed between high-mature coal-formed gases and oil-type gases. In the Mesozoic, the δ ¹³C values for gaseous alkanes are enriched in ¹²C, indicating that the gases are mainly derived from sapropelic sources; the carbon isotopic reversal for propane and butane in the Mesozoic is caused by microbial oxidation and mixing of gases from sapropelic sources with different maturity. In contrast to the Upper Paleozoic gases, the Mesozoic gases are characterized by heavier carbon isotopes of iso-butane than normal butane, which may be caused by gases generated from different kerogen types. Finally, according to δ ¹³C₁-R ₀ relationship and extremely low total organic carbon contents, the Low Paleozoic gases would not be generated from the Ordovician source as a main gas source, bycontrast, the Upper Paleozoic source as a main gas source is contributed to the Lower Paleozoic gases.     

矢量波场弹性波Kirchhoff偏移

Based on Kuo and Dai＇s vectorial wave-field extrapolation equations, we derive new Kirchhoff migration equations by introducing unit vectors which represent the ray directions at the imaging points of the reflected P- and PS converted-waves. Furthermore, using the slope of the events on shot records and a ray racing procedure, mirror-image reflection points are found and the reflection data are smeared along the Fresnel zone. The migration method proposed in this paper solves two troublesome imaging problems caused by limited receiving aperture and migration artifacts resulting from wave propagation at the velocities of non original wave type. The migration method is applied successfully with model data, demonstrating that the new method is effective and correct.     

Does canopy wetness matter? Evapotranspiration from a subtropical montane cloud forest in Taiwan

Evapotranspiration (ET) and canopy wetness were measured over a 2‐year intensive field campaign at the Chi‐Lan Mountain cloud forest site in Taiwan. Eddy covariance and sap flow methods were applied to measure ET and tree sap flow of the endemic yellow cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana). ET was 553 mm yr^?1 over the study period with an annual rainfall and fog deposition of 4893 and 288 mm yr^–1, respectively. The duration of canopy wetness exceeded actual fog or rain events (mostly in the afternoon), and the intercepted water was evaporated later in the following dry morning. The cumulative wet duration accounted for 52% of time over the study period, which was longer than the duration of rainfall and fog altogether (41%). As it adapted to the extremely moist environment, the yellow cypress behaved in a wet‐enhanced/dry‐reduced water use strategy and was sensitive to short periods of dry atmosphere with high evaporation potential. During dry days, the sap flow rate rose quickly after dawn and led to conservative water use through midday and the afternoon. During periodically wet days, the canopy was mostly wetted in the morning, and the interception evaporation contributed largely to the morning ET. The initiation of morning sap flow was postponed 1–3 h, and the sap flow rate tended to peak later at midday. The midday canopy conductance was higher in the periodically wet days (10.6 mm s^–1) as compared with 7.6 mm s^?1 in the dry days. Consequently, the dry‐reduced water use strategy led to much lower annual ET with respect to the available energy (~46%) and high precipitation input (~11%). The moist‐adapted ecohydrology we report reveals the vulnerability of montane cloud forests to prolonged fog‐free periods. More research is urgently needed to better understand the resilience of these ecosystems and formulate adaptive management plans. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling of non‐point source nitrogen pollution from 1979 to 2008 in Jiaodong Peninsula,China

Efforts to reduce land‐based non‐point source (NPS) pollutions from watersheds to coastal waters are ongoing all around the world. In this study, annual yield of NPS nitrogen (NPS‐N) pollution in Jiaodong Peninsula, China from 1979 to 2008 was estimated. The results showed that: from 1979 to 2008, NPS‐N yields exhibited significant inter‐annual variations and an increasing trend on decadal scale. High NPS‐N yield was mainly found in east and south parts, as well as the urbanized coastal regions in Jiaodong Peninsula. Among the 32 river basins, the three largest basins yielded more than 41.16% of the NPS‐N. However, some small coastal watersheds along the South Yellow Sea and Jiaozhou Bay had higher per unit area yield. Most of the small watersheds characterized by seasonal runoff had coastal waters pertain to mild and moderate pollution levels. The ratio of watershed area to shoreline length and the up‐stream land use had significant impacts on NPS‐N flux through the shoreline. Among the four adjacent coastal areas of Jiaodong Peninsula, Jiaozhou Bay was the most noteworthy one not only because of high levels of land‐based NPS‐N pollution but also because of its nearly enclosed structure. The combination between integrated coastal zone management and integrated river basin management, land use planning and landscape designing in Jiaodong Peninsula is recommended. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.