Mineral Composition of Loess—Paleosol Samples from the Loess Plateau of China and Its Environmental Significance

34samples of loess-paleosol from the Luochuan and Xifeng sections in the Loess Plateau,northern China were eparated into sand,silt and clay fractions and analyzed for their mineral compositions.The results indicate that there is almost no difference between loess and paleosol in mineral composition.Major mineral species are quartz,mica,feldspar and chlorite,accounting for about 88-92% of the total;other minerals are kandite,smectite,vermiculite and a few heavy minerals.The calcite,magnetite and hematite were not taken into consideration because of their removal in the process of sample preparation.The main difference with respect to the mineral composition of samples collected from different sections and different statigraphic levels lies in the amount and grain size of minerals hosted.Comparisons between the Luochuan section and the Xifeng section,between paleosol and loess and between the upper part and the lower part of some paleosol layers show that the formers contain less feldspar but more mica and vermiculite and are finer in grain size,indicating the co-occurrence of both biochemical weathering process responsible for mineral change and physical weathering process leading to grain-size change during the soil-forming processes.This result favours such an explanation of the soil-forming mechanism that loess deposition and paleosol development occurred synchronously,though the rate of soil formation was greater than that of loess deposition,thus leading to soil development.     

黄骅坳陷歧南凹陷古近系沙河街组储集层物性影响因素分析

黄骅坳陷歧南凹陷是个活跃的生烃凹陷, 古近系沙河街组发育良好的储集砂体,具有一定的勘探潜力。通过岩石铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光和X衍射等技术,对研究区储集层岩石组分和储集层孔隙类型进行了识别鉴定。发现次生孔隙在不同构造单元分布不同。西部羊三木-扣村-仙庄缓坡带次生孔隙主要分布于3个带：①1650～1800 m,②2300～2600 m,③2880～2920 m。埕北断阶带次生孔隙分布于2200～2800 m。凹陷中心带次生孔隙分布在2900～3500 m。研究区以岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,成分成熟度和结构成熟度低,具备次生孔隙发育的物质基础。沉积环境对储集层物性有一定的影响。在同等埋深的几类碎屑沉积砂体中,湖岸滩坝的储集物性最好,重力流主水道和近岸水下扇扇中水道相对较好,近岸水下扇间湾、扇端沉积以及重力流水道侧翼和末梢沉积较差。次生孔隙形成的主要机理为：①黏土包膜的发育有利于次生孔隙的发育。②有机质向烃类转换中形成的有机酸以及黏土矿物蒙脱石向伊利石转换过程中形成的酸性溶液,对长石和岩屑颗粒产生溶蚀,有利于次生孔隙的发育。③进入砂岩储集层中的孔隙水的活跃性影响次生孔隙的发育。④油气充注过程中溶解作用大于胶结作用,油气充注末期次生孔隙发育。⑤断层和不整合附近由于大气淡水中溶有大量CO2,进入储集层易形成碳酸,易于溶蚀长石等矿物,有利于次生孔隙发育。      

昌都盆地古油藏的流体包裹体证据

青藏高原隆升与油气保存是当今油气勘探理论与实践面临挑战课题之一。本文利用在昌都盆地采集的51块储层岩石样品,运用流体包裹体系统分析的技术和方法,不仅揭示了工区中生界三叠系和侏罗系在早侏罗世—早白垩世的前陆盆地发育阶段发生4期油气充注,形成了古油藏,而且这些古油藏在新生代的走滑拉分盆地发育阶段遭到破坏而演化成沥青砂岩。同时,在古生界—中生界储层检测到大量纯气相包裹体,并且与高温盐水包裹体共生,暗示工区晚期存在天然气运聚过程。由此认为,昌都盆地以寻找天然气为主;在盆地南部的芒康深凹陷中生界可能是天然气勘探的有利地区。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜力分析

始新统孔店组是渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷油气勘探向深层转移的重要层系,受演化程度较高的制约,东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段（孔店组二段）烃源岩生排烃潜能存在争议,为探讨东营凹陷深层含油气系统,明确孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,笔者等从含油气检测结合烃源岩分析的角度进行讨论。通过孔二段沉积时期古地貌恢复,结合地震剖面,明确了孔二段沉积时期的古地貌,探讨了孔二段烃源岩发育的平面分布特征;通过地化及薄片观察,对孔二段烃源岩有机质丰度、类型和成熟度进行研究,且对高成熟孔二段烃源岩进行原始有机碳含量恢复,结合流体包裹体测试、冷阴极发光、荧光观察等系统分析,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能。研究认为,孔二段烃源岩展布范围较大,且在沉降中心发育较厚的孔二段烃源岩层;孔二段烃源岩原始有机碳含量较高,有机质来源以高等植物为主,属于Ⅱ1—Ⅲ型有机质,成熟度较高,烃源岩已进入生气阶段,综合评定为中等—较好烃源岩。孔店组主要发生两期油充注和一期天然气充注：第一期油充注发生在沙三段沉积时期;第二期油充注发生在东营组沉积时期;第三期天然气充注发生在平原组沉积时期,结合东营凹陷古近系烃源岩生排烃模拟结果,认为孔店组原油具有孔二段烃源岩的生排烃贡献。通过分析孔二段烃源岩发育特征结合生排烃研究,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,为东营凹陷深部含油气系统研究鉴定基础。     

莺歌海盆地流体垂向输导体系及其对天然气成藏控制作用

垂向输导体系主控下的热流体活动是莺歌海盆地重要的地质特征之一, 决定了盆内独特的油气成藏过程.依据地震剖面综合解释、三维地震属性提取和岩石薄片观察, 分析了流体垂向输导体系的构成要素, 并利用PetroMod v11进行2D盆地数值模拟, 定量化计算了自源超压和传导超压的大小, 获得以下主要认识: (1)底辟伴生断裂和水力破裂是东方区最主要的2种垂向输导要素, 且在垂向上存在分异性, 深部流体输导以水力破裂为主, 浅层输导以底辟伴生断裂为主; (2)流体的垂向输导刺穿了超压封存箱并导致自源超压面在盆地中央抬升近2 000 m, 现今盆地东方区3 000 m左右黄流组油气藏中剩余压力的90%来自传导型超压; (3)盆内存在2个有利天然气聚集带: 箱顶传导常压带和箱内自源-传导超压带, 其中后者天然气藏受水力破裂输导控制, 具有流体输导高效且距离烃源灶近的优势, 是盆地内最有勘探潜力的天然气聚集带.      

Geochemical Characteristics and Sedimentary Environment of the Salawusu Section

The chemical compositions of and the contents of CaCO3, free Fe2O3 and REE in the sediments of the Salawusu section have been analyzed to investigate the geochemical features of different sedimentary facies and explore their sedimentary enironmetnts during the Late Pleistocene.The con-tents of CaCO3, free Fe2O3 and ∑REE in lacustrine deposits of the middle part of the section are higher than those in the other parts ,except SiO2 which shows an opposite trend.According to the distribution characteristics of the components mentioned above, the section may be divided into four parts which are equivalent to those divided in terms of lithologic characters and sedimentary facies.More remarkable characteristics were observed with respect to the distribution of CaCO3, free Fe2O3,∑REE and SiO2/Al2O3 and FeO/Fe2O3 ratios, which can be adopted as the geochemical indices for paleoclimate division.From the above, four paleoclimate stages have been distinguished for the deposition process.The first stage ,dated at 0.20-0.15Ma, is characterized by a dry and cold climate,the second stage, ranging from 0.15 to 0.07 Ma ,by a warm and slightly dry climate,the third stage ,about 0.07-0.01Ma ,by a cold and humid climate;and prevailing in the last ten thorsand years is the fourth stage,with the climate changing graduall from warm-humid to warm-dry.     

Effect of multifactors interaction on competitive adsorption of Zn<Superscript>2+</Superscript> and Cd<Superscript>2+</Superscript> by response surface methodology

The problem associated with multi-metals contaminated soils has generated increasingly more attention. Thus, it is necessary within the field to study the mutual influence of environmental factors on competitive adsorption. The majority of studies carried out to date have concentrated on the variation of adsorption capacity or the removal efficiency, with only a single factor changed (including pH, ionic strength, and metal concentration). However, the interaction effect among various environmental factors was ignored in these studies. The purpose of this study was mainly aimed toward the investigation of the interaction of two influential factors, as well as the influential degree of each factor (such as the initial pH, ionic strength, initial metal concentration, and the competitive metal concentration) on competitive adsorption using the response surface method. These results demonstrated that the influential degree of each factor studied on the competitive adsorption of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ followed the trend of having the initial concentration of the target metal?>?initial pH?>?concentration of competitive metal?>?ionic strength. When the metal concentration was held constant, we found that the competitive adsorption of Zn²⁺ initially increased, followed by a decrease with increasing initial pH. However, this was found to change minimally with increasing ionic strength. When the initial pH or ionic strength was held constant, the competitive ability was observed to increase with increasing Zn²⁺ concentration. However, with increasing Zn²⁺ or Cd²⁺ concentrations, the variation degree of the competitive adsorption was found to become smaller. These results provide novel information toward a better understanding of the effect of multifactors on the competitive adsorption of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺.     

塔里木盆地顺北地区下古生界走滑断裂带断距分段差异与断层宽度关系

学者们对塔里木盆地顺北地区的下古生界走滑断裂带活动期次、发育时间、分段性和内部结构差异展开过一些研究,但尚未达成共识.厘清断距和断层宽度的分段差异.有助于对该地区走滑断裂展开更详细的研究.以200 m水平间距统计下古生界走滑断裂断距和断层宽度,采用线性拟合的方式落实断距与断层宽度之间的定量关系.结果表明:(1)顺北1号...     

前陆盆地的构造演化及其沉积、地层响应——以库车坳陷下白垩统为例

逆冲推覆构造近年来的研究表明,由于逆冲带内超压的反复积聚和释放,冲断活动表现为间歇式前展逆冲方式,且具有早期长周期低前展速率、晚期短周期高前展速率的特点,由此导致作用于前陆盆地的构造负载早期以垂向加载为主、晚期则以递进加载为主。库车坳陷下白垩统记录了一幕完整的前陆盆地构造演化过程,卡普沙良群和巴什基奇克组分别对应于逆冲期和构造宁静期,两者之间发生了地层几何形态的重大转变以及内部削截反射终止点的迁移。与早、晚期冲断活动特征对应,在前隆向前渊的斜坡带,卡普沙良群的下部和上部分别发育大套向逆冲带的前积反射和向克拉通方向的退积超覆反射。在紧邻造山带的前渊带,亚格列木组砾质粗碎屑沉积体标志着逆冲推覆的重新开始;巴西盖组三角洲体系的发育说明快速前展逆冲导致宽缓的楔顶带的形成;巴什基奇克组底部粗碎屑发育及其与巴西盖组之间沉积突变,反映为宁静期岩石圈强烈回弹的结果。最终,前陆盆地构造演化的逆冲期可细分为初始逆冲、?冲、前展逆冲、逆冲减弱—停滞等4个阶段。