Über einige Fortschritte der Sporen- uno Pollenforschung

Ohne ZusammenfassungProf.Gunnar Erdtman, Stockholm, danke ich für die freundliche Überlassung der meisten Abbildungsvorlagen.     

Rauhwacken und ihre Entstehung

This publication comprises the results of a detailed investigation of rauhwackes regarding both their stratigraphic/tectonic positions and their macroscopic/microscopic aspects. The conclusion drawn is that rauhwackes are carbonate breccias of tectonic origin, which usually suffered extensive recrystallization and calcitization. Moreover, these breccias became strongly weathered as a result of which they acquired a typical porous to cavernous appearance. Rauhwackes were formed by way of brecciation of carbonate rocks with a comparatively slight cohesion of their constituting grains; these rocks have been deposited in a saline environment. Rauhwackes may be divided into two main varieties:

1. monomict rauhwaekes, formed by fragmentation of only one type of rock (usually a sucrose dolostone), and
2. polymict rauhwackes, formed by fragmentation and mixing of two or more types of rock.

The typical boxwork rauhwackes represent a subtype of monomict rauhwackes. They originated from fractured dolostones and are extensively developed in only slightly tectonized regions, e. g. in the German Zechstein and Muschelkalk. Polymict rauhwackes represent intraformational crush-breccias which were formed by sliding (décollement) parallel to the bedding. Examination of polymict rauhwackes occurring in the metamorphic nappes of Tertiary orogenes may increase our knowledge about the relation existing between the tectonic evolution and Alpine metamorphism in these orogenes.     

Les deformations plio-quaternaires de l'afrique du Nord

Résumé L'Afrique du Nord franÇaise et notamment sa bordure littorale ont subi d'importantes déformations plio-quaternaires; l'auteur en précise les phases et les caractéristiques tectoniques.Les zones de plissement de cet âge doivent Être séparées des déformations à grand rayon de courbure. Les phénomènes géophysiques (tremblements de terre, isostasie) en relation avec ces déformations sont passés en revue. L'auteur place ces phénomènes à l'échelle de temps et d'espace dans l'évolution d'ensemble de l'Afrique du Nord, et discute le problème de la flexure continentale.     

Forstmeteorologische Untersuchungen an der Wald- und Baumgrenze in den Zentralalpen

Zusammenfassung Bei vergleichsweisen Registrierungen der Lufttemperatur und relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit, sowie bei Verdunstungseinzel-messungen, die im Bereiche der jetzigen (künstlichen) Wald- und Baumgrenze 10 km südwestlich von Innsbruck (Tirol) in Seehöhen von 1400 bis 1900 m in Bestand, Horst und Freiland durchgeführt wurden, ergaben sich deutliche Stationsunterschide. Trotz stärkerer Einstrahlung und höheren Windgeschwindigkeiten, wie sie die Höhenlage neben geringerer Bestockungsdichte bedingt, ergab sich im Bestandesinneren ein, gegenüber dem Freiland stark gemäßigtes Klima, das die Aushagerung des Bodens verhindert und vor allem der jungen Holzpflanze eine nicht zu übersehende Feuchtigkeitsreserve bietet. Bei extrem auftretenden Außeneinflüssen erfolgt allerdings eine raschere Angleichung an die Freilandsverhältnisse als in tieferen Lagen. Hoch- und Tieflagen unterscheiden sich demnach nur graduell und soweit, als es die lichtere Bestockung und größere Außenbeeinflussung der Hochlagen bedingen. Der Wirkungsgrad der Außeneinflüsse wurde auch von der Exposition bestimmt, die im Zusammenwirken mit der vorherrschenden Windrichtung das Auftreten der einzelnen Holzarten beeinflußte. Der stärkere Einfluß der Luftbewegung drückt sich auch im unsteten Momentancharakter der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit aus.Der Einfluß der Vegetationsform auf die lokalen Kleinklimaverhältnisse ergab sich auch aus den Ergebnissen der Verdunstungsmessungen, die ein nach Holzart und Bestockungsform spezifisches Mosaikklima deutlich erkennen lie\en.

---

Summary Distinctly perceptible differences between the stations in thicket and amount of timber as well as in open air resulted from comparing registrations of air temperature and relative humidity, and from measurements of evaporation which were made in range of the present (unnatural) timber line 10 km. south-west of Innsbruck (Tyrol) in altitudes of 1400–1900 m. (4600–6300 ft) above sea-level. In spite of the more intensive insolation and increased wind-velocity—corresponding to altitude and less density of wood—a very temperate climate in comparison with that of open field was evident within amount of timber, preventing impoverishment of soil and-first of all—offering a considerable reserve of moisture to the young tree. Extremely appearing external influences, however, effect a rapid assimilation to the conditions of open field likely to lower levels. The efficacy of the external influences also was fixed by the exposure which influences—together with the prevailing directions of wind—the occurences of the different species of timber. The greater effect of air-movement is also expressed by the unsteady momentary-character of the relative humidity.The influence of different plant communities upon the local climates followed from the results of evaporation measurements (evaporimeter Piche) which made recognizable a tesselated, mosaic-climate specifically to species and formation of timber, unless extreme external influences operated levelling.

---

Résumé Des enregistrements comparatifs de la température de l'air et de l'humidité relative ainsi que des mesures d'évaporation effectués à la limite de l'atmosphère forestière ont mis en évidence de nettes différences entre les stations d'essais. Ces expériences ont été faites à 10 km. au sudouest d'Innsbruck (Tirol) dans les bois et la région non boisée, à une altitude de 1400 à 1900 m. Malgré l'insolation plus forte et les vitesses de vent plus grandes, dûes à l'altitude et à la densité plus faible de la forêt, on a constaté à l'intérieur du bois un climat très modéré par opposition à la région non boisée. Ce climat modéré s'oppose au desséchement du sol et assure aux jeunes pousses une humidité suffisante. Si les effets de la température sont extrêmes, l'adaptation aux conditions de la région non boisée est pourtant plus rapide qu'aux altitudes plus basses. Par conséquent les zones supérieures et inférieures ne se distinguent que graduellement, en fonction des forêts moins denses et des influences temporaires plus accusées. Le rôle du climat local est nettement déterminé par l'exposition qui, selon la direction dominante du vent, a une répercussion sur l'apparition des différentes essences de bois. La circulation active de l'air se traduit aussi par la variabilité instantaneé de l'humidité relative de l'air.Les mesures faites avec l'évaporimètre de Piche ont montré l'effet du bioclimat local sur la végétation. Ces travaux font nettement apparaître un climat «mozaïque» spécifique dépendant des différentes essences et de la densité de la population végétale.

---

---

Mit 4 Textabbildungen.     

Solar wind induction in Mercury: Constraints on the formation of a magnetosphere

The discovery of Mercury's magnetosphere by Mariner 10 was surprising since the conventional view of regenerative planetary dynamos had been that the spin requirement would likely have been in excess of the observed spin rate of Mercury. Also internal fluid motions were not expected to be sufficiently large. This paper explores the alternative model of the formation of Mercury's magnetosphere via electromagnetic induction forced by the solar wind. It is shown, however, that the constraints are so severe as to limit severely the applicability of such a model. Although induction is easily observed on the Moon, the modification of the magnetic boundary condition associated with a plasma magnetosphere on Mercury rules out its formation via induction except for interplanetary driving fields which are decreasing in amplitude. That model is explored but retains the difficulty that induced magnetospheres tend to be of small radial and temporal extent compared to that inferred by Ness et al. for Mercury.     

Ca II resonance lines in non-homogeneous chromospheres

Profiles of the K line of Caii are computed for a two component solar chromosphere, chosen to simulate with a simple geometry the chromospheric supergranular network. Each component rises above the BCA photosphere, the boundary component representing the bright network with a sharp temperature rise and the cell component representing the darker region with an extended temperature minimum. Theoretical intensity profiles of the Can K core, calculated as weighted averages over the projected areas of the components, are produced for = 0.6 and 0.3. The line source function and the optical depth are obtained from a self-consistent treatment of the steady state and radiative transfer equations, with complete redistribution assumed for scattering in the line. The atomic model consists of two bound levels and a continuum. It is found that a 4600 K minimum can lead to the successful theoretical prediction of the observed limb darkening and 4300 K radiation temperature of the K1 feature only when very large values of turbulent velocity are assumed to exist in the cell region.Publications of the Goethe Link Observatory, Indiana University, No. 95.