Characteristics of spatial distribution of debris flow and the effect of their sediment yield in main downstream of Jinsha River,China

Debris flow hazard posts a big threat to the main downstream of Jinsha River where a number of huge power stations are under construction. The characteristics of spatial distribution of debris flows and the effect of their sediment yield on the reservoir areas have been studied. An automatic recognition module was developed to extract the geometry of debris flow channels from remote sensing data. Spatial distribution pattern of debris flows is obtained through combining the inventory database and multi-source remote sensing investigation. The distribution of debris flows has high dependency on the various factors including geology, geomorphology, climate, hydrology and human economic activities. The debris flows distributed in the study area are characterized by group and pair distribution, uncompleted deposition fans, highly controlled by faults and tectonic activities, spatial variation between left bank and right bank, and different subdivisions. The sediment yield caused by debris flow activates is evaluated using multi-year observation data from numerous observation stations. Quantitative studies have been performed on the relationship between the sediment yield and the debris flow area. A relatively fix ratio of 2.6 (×10⁴ t/km²) has been found in different subdivisions of main downstream area which shows that the source of sediment discharged into Jinsha River primarily come from debris flow activities. Another ratio is evaluated to represent the transforming possibility of debris flow materials to bed-sediment load and suspended-sediment load in the river. Based on these findings, the potential effect of sediment yield caused by debris flows on reservoir areas is discussed. The zonation map shows the different effect of debris flow sediment on different dam site area which shows a good agreement with variation of debris flow spatial distribution.     

呼和浩特盆地地下水流系统变异机制及其资源效应

几十年的高强度开采致使呼和浩特盆地地下水流系统发生了很大变化。在对含水系统结构特征分析的基础上,结合地下水流场及水位动态特征,对地下水流系统演化模式进行了分析总结,基本可归纳为3个演化阶段,地下水人工开采及沟谷水利工程的修建是地下流系统变异的主要驱动因子。采用均衡法对现状条件下地下水均衡情况进行了定量计算,通过与历史时期均衡情况对比分析,发现在不同水流系统演化阶段,各含水层地下水补排量差异较大,从而导致地下水资源量发生变化,与历史时期相比,潜水含水层资源量明显减小,承压含水层资源量有所增加,但总资源量一定程度减小,地下流系统变异的资源效应明显。     

基于改进频率比法的川藏铁路沿线及邻区地质灾害易发性分区评价

川藏铁路是我国目前正在规划建设的重要铁路干线之一,地处地形和地质条件极为复杂的青藏高原东部,复杂的地质背景与脆弱的地质环境造成川藏铁路沿线及邻区地质灾害极为发育,严重威胁着川藏铁路的规划建设。在对地质灾害易发性评价方法分析的基础上,首先对传统的地质灾害易发性评价频率比方法进行改进,克服了传统通用方法中频率比值分布的不连续性,提高了各地质灾害影响因子敏感性的区分度,并减小了因子分级的主观性。利用ROC曲线与空间熵的定量对比验证表明,改进频率比法的地质灾害易发性评价模型优于传统方法。根据地质灾害的发育分布特征,选取地面高程、地形坡度、地形坡向、地形曲率、地形起伏度、工程地质岩组、地震动峰值加速度、断裂密度、水系距离、道路距离、降水量与植被指数等影响地质灾害的主要因素,结合地质灾害调查数据,首先分析各影响因子的地质灾害敏感性,并进一步对川藏铁路沿线及邻区的地质灾害易发性进行评价和分区。评价结果表明,研究区地质灾害的发育分布主要受控于断裂、水系和道路等线状要素,以及地形坡度和地形起伏度等地形地貌因素,并且断裂密度和地形起伏度相较其他因子具有更大的地质灾害敏感性区分度。地质灾害极高易发区和高易发区主要分布于大型水系两岸、道路两侧的高山河谷沿线的狭窄地带,使沿河谷与已有道路规划展布的川藏铁路面临着严重的地质灾害威胁,铁路规划建设部门应加强该地带的地质灾害排查、防治和线路优化工作。     

强震区震后地质灾害长期活动性研究综述

地震通过改变地表岩体的物理力学性质而使得震区滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害显著增强的现象在震后持续相当长的一段时间。在研究分析国内外学者对地震地质灾害研究成果的基础上,系统总结了目前在地震诱发地质灾害的发育分布规律及其演化趋势方面的研究方法及成果,探讨了研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,并对未来的研究方向及趋势进行了展望。研究认为目前国内外对地震地质灾害长期活动性的研究还没有形成体系,尚缺乏有效的研究方法与技术,并且研究成果存在较大差异性。地震扰动区地质灾害长期活动性研究可为震后地质灾害的长期防灾减灾和风险管控提供科学支持,也能对地震地质灾害相关问题的进一步深入研究提供参考。     

Characteristics of a rapid landsliding area along Jinsha River revealed by multi-temporal remote sensing and its risks to Sichuan-Tibet railway

The Sichuan-Tibet railway goes across the Upper Jinsha River, along which a large number of large historical landslides have occurred and dammed the river. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate large potential landslides along the Jinsha River. In this paper, we inspect the deformation characteristics of a rapid landsliding area along the Jinsha River by using multi-temporal remote sensing, and analyzed its future development and risk to the Sichuan-Tibet railway. Surface deformations and damage features between January 2016 and October 2020 were obtained using multi-temporal InSAR and multi-temporal correlations of optical images, respectively. Deformation and failure signs obtained from the field investigation were highly consistent. Results showed that cumulative deformation of the landsliding area is more than 50 cm, and the landsliding area is undergoing an accelerated deformation stage. The external rainfall condition, water level, and water flow rate are important factors controlling the deformation. The increase of rainfall, the rise of water level, and faster flow rate will accelerate the deformation of slope. The geological conditions of the slope itself affect the deformation of landslide. Due to the enrichment of gently dipping gneiss and groundwater, the slope is more likely to slide along the slope. The Jinsha River continuously scours the concave bank of the slope, causing local collapses and forming local free surfaces. Numerical simulation results show that once the landsliding area fails, the landslide body may form a 4-km-long dammed lake, and the water level could rise about 200 m; the historic data shows that landslide dam may burst in 2–8 days after sliding. Therefore, strategies of landslide hazard mitigation in the study area should be particularly made for the coming rainy seasons to mitigate risks from the landsliding area.

     

冻融作用下草本植物根系加固土体试验研究

为了研究植物根系在冻融作用下对边坡土体的加固效应,取哈尔滨、东营、合肥等地公路常见的3种草本植物根系作为研究对象,基于植物根系与土体之间的界面摩擦效应,对不同植物根系在不同次数冻融作用后的根-土复合体进行了拉拔试验以及直剪试验。结果表明：结缕草根系与土体之间的摩擦效应最为显著,加筋效果最好;狗尾草的根系与土体之间的摩擦效应最差,但狗尾草根系抗冻性较好。根-土复合体模型的抗剪强度随冻融作用次数的增加发生变化,体现在黏聚力不断减小,后趋于稳定;内摩擦角先增大后减小,之后趋于稳定。所得结果可为植物护坡加固工程以及加筋土作用机理研究提供数据参考。     

SAR层析成像的基本原理、关键技术和应用领域

合成孔径雷达(SAR)层析成像是在干涉SAR(InSAR)基础上发展起来的一项信息反演的技术.介绍了SAR层析成像的基本原理,包括其信号模型和重建方法,提出了制约SAR层析成像的关键技术,并给出了相应的解决方案,最后列举了目前SAR层析技术的主要应用领域和前景.     

宜居黄河科学构想

黄河问题表象于河,形成于域,根植于地。针对于黄河流域高质量发展面临的地球科学问题特点及挑战,本文提出了“宜居黄河”科学构想,旨在构建一个包括“安全黄河”、“绿色黄河”、“生态黄河”、“和谐黄河”和“智慧黄河”5大核心内容的体系完善的宜居黄河研究科学架构,并对这5个方面的科学内涵和关键研究内容进行了阐述。其中,(1)安全黄河立足于工程地质学,研究黄河流域地质地表过程及其灾害效应,以保障地质安全需求,构建安全黄河体系;(2)绿色黄河立足于水文地质学,研究黄河流域水循环过程及其水土环境变化效应,构建绿色黄河体系;(3)生态黄河立足于环境地质学,研究黄河流域生态系统演化规律及其生态屏障效应,构建生态黄河体系;(4)和谐黄河立足于资源地质学,研究黄河流域资源开发与人地协调的发展模式,构建和谐黄河体系;(5)智慧黄河立足于大数据及信息科学,研究黄河流域地学信息集成与智慧决策平台,构建智慧黄河体系。这5个部分相互支撑融合,共同解决宜居黄河的核心关键问题,从而为保障黄河长治久安、促进全流域高质量发展,最终形成造福中华民族的“幸福黄河”起到科技支撑作用。     

Estimating the size and travel distance of Klapperhorn Mountain debris flows for risk analysis along railway, Canada

Debris flows occurring on Klapperhorn Mountain in the Yellowhead Pass in the Canadian Rocky Mountains pose a significant hazard to railway operations at the base of the mountain. The size （volume） and travel distance of these debris flows play an important role in assessing the risk to the railway. GIS analysis, airphoto interpretation together with field work were undertaken on two debris flows located at track mileage 54.0 and 54.3. Characteristics of these two debris flow events were analyzed, including debris flow path morphology and event behavior. Their sizes and travel distances were estimated using an empirical-statistical model （UBCDFLOW） under different initiation conditions. Their potential impact on the railway bridge was evaluated using a bridge blockage ratio.     

黄县盆地盆缘断裂活动的阶段性与沉积充填样式

进行了黄县盆地充填沉积的层序地层划分,并与盆地构造演化阶段分析有机的结合起来。研究表明：早第三起黄县断陷盆地的构造演化总体上经历了两次裂陷期,第一裂陷期以盆地间歇性快速沉降为特点,第二裂陷期以盆地持续缓慢沉降为特点;盆缘同沉积活动对盆地充填起控制作用,不同阶段发育的层序具有不同的沉积序裂特征,怯邓内部单元和沉积体系,相的配置显示出有序性,从而提出了黄县断陷盆地充填样式指出聚煤作用以低水位和水进期较