Source characteristics of long runout rock avalanches triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China

The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan, China Earthquake which measured M_w = 8.3 according to Chinese Earthquake Administration – CEA (M_w = 7.9 according to the USGS) directly triggered many landslides, which caused about 20,000 deaths, a quarter of the total. Rock avalanches were among the most destructive landslides triggered by this seismic event, and have killed more people than any other type of landslide in this earthquake. The Donghekou rock avalanche, one example of a catastrophic avalanche triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, occurred in Qingchuan and buried one primary school and 184 houses, resulting in more than 780 deaths, and in addition, caused the formation of two landslide dams, which formed barrier lakes.Combining aerial images (resolution of 0.5 m) with field investigations, this paper lists some parameters of 66 cases in one table, and details source characteristics of six typical cases. It has been found that most of the long runout rock avalanches have source areas with high relief and steep inclination, causing the debris in the travel courses to accelerate. There was also a large amount of saturated Holocene-age loose deposits formed by a river or gully that existed in the travel courses. Comparison studies indicate that saturated Holocene loose deposits in the travel courses could be the most important factor for the causes of the long runout characteristic of the rock avalanches especially when they traveled over gentle or even flat ground surfaces.Furthermore, the relationships among the relief slope gradient, runout and covered area are investigated, and a threshold line for predicting the maximum horizontal runout distance under certain change in elevation is presented.     

强震作用下穿越断层隧道围岩力学响应研究

通常情况下,地下工程震害比地面建筑物震害较轻,但是在强震条件下,地下工程震害依然突出。2008年 512 汶川大地震(MS8.0)对地下工程造成了巨大破坏,尤其是穿越构造断裂带的铁路、公路隧道。本文采用三维离散元(3DEC)动力分析方法和实测汶川地震动记录,模拟研究了穿越断层的成兰铁路邓家坪隧道围岩在强震和断层共同作用下的动力响应过程。经过与实地调查的北川映秀断裂带地表破裂情况对比验证,模拟结果具有较高的可信度。结果表明:地震动荷载、断层等因素的共同作用改变了隧道围岩中的初始应力分布,进而引起断层附近隧道围岩应力累积、应力集中,最终导致了具有高度复杂性的渐进性断层破裂过程和隧道围岩破坏过程,这个过程可以定性地划分为5个主要阶段:弹性应力集中阶段、破裂起始阶段、破裂加速阶段、稳定破裂阶段和破裂逐渐停止阶段。本研究将有助于深刻认识在强震和断层共同作用下的隧道围岩动力响应过程,并对隧道安全性评价具有重大意义。     

Evolution of In Situ Rock Mass Damage Induced by Mechanical–Thermal Loading

To understand and predict the in situ brittle rock mass damage process induced by a coupled thermo-mechanical loading, the knowledge of rock mass yielding strength, scaling relationship between laboratory and in situ and microstructure characterization is required. Difficulties have been recognized due to the seldom availability of in situ experiment and appropriate numerical methodologies. The Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment was used to monitor the evolution of rock mass damage in a pillar of rock separating two 1.75-m diameter vertical boreholes. The loading of the pillar was controlled using the in situ stresses, excavation geometry, and locally increasing the rock temperature. The induced loading resulted in a complex discontinuum process that involved fracture initiation, propagation, interaction and buckling, all dominated by a tensile mechanism. Tracking this damage process was carried out in two steps. Initially, a three-dimensional numerical model was used to generate the stresses from the excavation geometry and thermal loading. The plane strain stresses, at selected locations where detailed displacement monitoring was available, were then used to track the evolution of damage caused by these induced stresses. The grain-based discrete element modeling approach described in Lan et al. (2010), which captures the grain scale heterogeneity of the rock, was used to establish the extent of damage. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured temperatures and displacements. The grain-based model provided new insights into the progressive failure process.     

Risk assessment of secondary geological disasters induced by the Yushu earthquake

The Yushu Ms 7.1 earthquake occurred on April 14,2010 in Qinghai Province,China.It induced a mass of secondary geological disasters,such as collapses,landslides,and debris flows.Risk assessment maps are important for geological disaster prevention and mitigation,and also can serve as a guide for post-earthquake reconstruction.Firstly,a hazard assessment index system of secondary geological disasters in the earthquake region was built in this paper,which was based on detailed analysis of environmental and triggering factors closely related to geological disasters in the study area.GIS technology was utilized to extract and analyze the assessment index.Hazard assessment maps of secondary geological disasters were obtained by spatial modeling and overlaying analysis.Secondly,an analysis of the vulnerability of hazard bearing bodies in the area was conducted,important information,such as, population density,percentage of arable land, industrial and agricultural outputs per unit area were regarded as assessment indices to evaluate socioeconomic vulnerability.Thirdly,the risk level of secondary geological disasters of the area was obtained by the formula:Risk=Hazard×Vulnerability. Risk assessment maps were categorized into four levels,including"low","moderate","high"and"very high".These results show that some urban areas are at very high risk,including Jiegu,Chengwen,Xiaxiula and Sahuteng towns.This research can provide some references and suggestions to improve decisionmaking support for emergency relief and post- earthquake reconstruction in the study area.     

地球自转参数的LS+AR超短期预报方法

地球自转参数（ERP）是卫星精密定轨中联系天球坐标系与地球坐标系的必要参数,是国际GNSS服务组织（IGS）和国际GNSS监测评估系统（iGMAS）分析中心的重要产品。为了提高中国测绘科学研究院分析中心（CGS）的线性模型预报精度,本文研究了最小二乘（LS）和自回归模型（AR）组合的超短期预报最优方法;通过不同周期数据确定最佳预报时长,利用LS+AR模型进行超短期预报,并通过IGS和iGMAS与线性模型产品对比。结果表明：利用8 d（时段）数据进行超短期预报最优;LS+AR模型预报精度明显优于LS模型;LS+AR的超短期预报方法优于分析中心的线性预报方法;EOP的PMX和PMY分量利用时段数据预报、LOD利用天数据预报精度更高。本文超短期预报方法能够提高ERP预报精度,为IGS或iGMAS分析中心的ERP预报提供了一定的参考意义。     

台风涌浪进入东海形成浪区的空间分布特征

西北太平洋台风外围的涌浪可穿过琉球群岛的海峡传入东海.本文采用1978-2018年的历史资料研究了有效波高2m及以上的涌浪穿过琉球群岛在东海所形成浪区的空间分布特征.结果 表明,沿适当角度的台风外围涌浪主要通过与那国海峡、宫古海峡、边户岬-与路岛水道、奄美-吐噶喇海峡传入东海,其余受到岛屿阻挡.筛选得到的40个台风案例...     

Mechanism of uplift deformation of the dam foundation of Jiangya Water Power Station, Hunan Province, P.R. China

Uplift deformation of Jiangya Dam in Loushui River, Hunan Province, P.R. China reached 28.4–32.6 mm in 2 years and 5 months (December 1998–April 2001), which is unusual for dams worldwide. A perfectly confined aquifer, Yuntaiguan hot water aquifer, in the Jiangya syncline is recharged at a remote wing and outflows in front of the dam in the reservoir which is 875 m lower than the recharge point. The rise of the reservoir water level increases the head in the aquifer. The uplift deformation of the dam foundation corresponds spatially with the outcrop of the top interface of the aquifer and shows a direct time response to the fluctuation of the reservoir water level, indicating that the fluctuation of the reservoir water level is the dominant influence on the deformation. Numerical simulation shows spatial and dynamic similarities to the monitoring data. Numerical simulation of the cyclic reservoir water level confirms that the uplift is due to elastic deformation.

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Resumen En la presa de Jiangya en el rio Loushui, Provincia de Hunan, R. P. De China, la deformación por levantamiento alcanzó 28.4–32.6 mm en dos años y cinco meses (Diciembre 1998–Abril 2001), lo cual no es común para las presas alrededor del mundo. El acuífero de Yuntaiguan, con agua caliente, es perfectamente confinado, y es recargado en un flanco lejano del sinclinal de Jiangya, descargando su flujo enfrente de la presa, dentro del embalse, sitio que está 875 m más bajo que el punto de recarga. El aumento en el nivel del embalse, incrementa la cabeza en el acuífero. La deformación por levantamiento en la cimentación de la presa tiene una correspondencia espacial con el afloramiento de la interfase superior del acuífero y muestra una respuesta directa en el tiempo con la fluctuación del nivel del agua en el embalse, indicando que la fluctuación del nivel del agua en el embalse es la influencia dominante sobre la deformación. La simulación numérica muestra similitudes espaciales y dinámicas con los datos de monitoreo. La simulación numérica del nivel de agua cíclico del embalse, confirma que el levantamiento se debe a deformación elástica.

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Résumé Pendant deux ans et cinq mois ( Décembre 1998–Avril 2001) les déplacements verticaux du barrage Jangya, situé sur la rivière Loushui, dans la province Hunan de la R.P. de Chine ont atteint des valeurs peu communes, de 28.4–32.6 mm. Laquifère thermal captive de Yuntaiguan est rechargé sur le flanc lointain du synclinal de Jiangya, où il est cantonné et se décharge dans le réservoir du barrage dont le niveau et avec 875 m au dessous du point de recharge. Le niveau piézometrique de laquifère est augmenté par la housse de niveau dans le réservoir. Les déplacements verticaux correspondent au laffleurement du toit de laquifère et présentent une réponse temporelle directe aux fluctuations de niveaux du réservoir, en indiquant que celles-ci ont une influence dominante sur les déplacements. Les simulations numériques montrent des similarités spatiales et dynamiques avec les données du système de surveillance. Les simulations numériques de variations cycliques des niveaux du réservoir ont confirmé que les déplacements verticaux sont engendrées par des déformations élastiques.

     

Characteristics of spatial distribution of debris flow and the effect of their sediment yield in main downstream of Jinsha River,China

Debris flow hazard posts a big threat to the main downstream of Jinsha River where a number of huge power stations are under construction. The characteristics of spatial distribution of debris flows and the effect of their sediment yield on the reservoir areas have been studied. An automatic recognition module was developed to extract the geometry of debris flow channels from remote sensing data. Spatial distribution pattern of debris flows is obtained through combining the inventory database and multi-source remote sensing investigation. The distribution of debris flows has high dependency on the various factors including geology, geomorphology, climate, hydrology and human economic activities. The debris flows distributed in the study area are characterized by group and pair distribution, uncompleted deposition fans, highly controlled by faults and tectonic activities, spatial variation between left bank and right bank, and different subdivisions. The sediment yield caused by debris flow activates is evaluated using multi-year observation data from numerous observation stations. Quantitative studies have been performed on the relationship between the sediment yield and the debris flow area. A relatively fix ratio of 2.6 (×10⁴ t/km²) has been found in different subdivisions of main downstream area which shows that the source of sediment discharged into Jinsha River primarily come from debris flow activities. Another ratio is evaluated to represent the transforming possibility of debris flow materials to bed-sediment load and suspended-sediment load in the river. Based on these findings, the potential effect of sediment yield caused by debris flows on reservoir areas is discussed. The zonation map shows the different effect of debris flow sediment on different dam site area which shows a good agreement with variation of debris flow spatial distribution.     

呼和浩特盆地地下水流系统变异机制及其资源效应

几十年的高强度开采致使呼和浩特盆地地下水流系统发生了很大变化。在对含水系统结构特征分析的基础上,结合地下水流场及水位动态特征,对地下水流系统演化模式进行了分析总结,基本可归纳为3个演化阶段,地下水人工开采及沟谷水利工程的修建是地下流系统变异的主要驱动因子。采用均衡法对现状条件下地下水均衡情况进行了定量计算,通过与历史时期均衡情况对比分析,发现在不同水流系统演化阶段,各含水层地下水补排量差异较大,从而导致地下水资源量发生变化,与历史时期相比,潜水含水层资源量明显减小,承压含水层资源量有所增加,但总资源量一定程度减小,地下流系统变异的资源效应明显。     

基于改进频率比法的川藏铁路沿线及邻区地质灾害易发性分区评价

川藏铁路是我国目前正在规划建设的重要铁路干线之一,地处地形和地质条件极为复杂的青藏高原东部,复杂的地质背景与脆弱的地质环境造成川藏铁路沿线及邻区地质灾害极为发育,严重威胁着川藏铁路的规划建设。在对地质灾害易发性评价方法分析的基础上,首先对传统的地质灾害易发性评价频率比方法进行改进,克服了传统通用方法中频率比值分布的不连续性,提高了各地质灾害影响因子敏感性的区分度,并减小了因子分级的主观性。利用ROC曲线与空间熵的定量对比验证表明,改进频率比法的地质灾害易发性评价模型优于传统方法。根据地质灾害的发育分布特征,选取地面高程、地形坡度、地形坡向、地形曲率、地形起伏度、工程地质岩组、地震动峰值加速度、断裂密度、水系距离、道路距离、降水量与植被指数等影响地质灾害的主要因素,结合地质灾害调查数据,首先分析各影响因子的地质灾害敏感性,并进一步对川藏铁路沿线及邻区的地质灾害易发性进行评价和分区。评价结果表明,研究区地质灾害的发育分布主要受控于断裂、水系和道路等线状要素,以及地形坡度和地形起伏度等地形地貌因素,并且断裂密度和地形起伏度相较其他因子具有更大的地质灾害敏感性区分度。地质灾害极高易发区和高易发区主要分布于大型水系两岸、道路两侧的高山河谷沿线的狭窄地带,使沿河谷与已有道路规划展布的川藏铁路面临着严重的地质灾害威胁,铁路规划建设部门应加强该地带的地质灾害排查、防治和线路优化工作。