Thermal analysis in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell

A new technique actively controls thermal radiation and monitors sample properties during laser-heating in a diamond anvil cell. The technique can be described as a qualitative application of thermal analysis. Discontinuities in temperature, laser power, visible thermal radiation, or in their derivatives as functions of time can be associated with the enthalpy of phase transitions (such as melting) or with changes in maternal properties (such as emissivity).The technique is illustrated with melting experiments on iron-magnesium-silicate perovskite. Temperature corrections associated with these experiments are discussed and the results are briefly reviewed.     

Beitrag zur Gliederung des Präkambriums in Minas Gerais

Zusammenfassung Aufnahmen im Kristallin südostwärts und südlich der EsphinhaÇo-Zone, ausgedehnt bis an die Südgrenze des Staates Minas Gerais, ergaben eine neue stratigraphische und tektonische Gliederung. Große Gebiete, die bisher als tiefstes Archaikum galten, erhielten ihre metamorphe Überprägung erst in der assyntischen Phase. Auch die vormetamorphe sedimentäre Substanz ist weithin algonkischen, wahrscheinlich neo-algonkischen Alters. Im Inneren besitzen diese Sedimente nur schwache epizonale Metamorphose und erlauben weitgehende stratigraphische Gliederung (Formationen Tiradentes, Carandaí, Barroso, Prados). Sie sind Überwiegend klastisch. Küstenwärts folgen die sedimentär-lithologisch gleichen, aber stärker (mesozonal) metamorphe Andrelandia-Serie und die katazonalen Juiz de Fora- bzw. Paraíba-Serien (Metamorphose charnockitisch bzw. mikroklingranitisch). Die Küstenzone stellt daher eine kristalline Zentralzone dar, von der aus die Bewegungen binnenwärts gerichtet sind. An der Westgrenze des Arbeitsgebietes erfolgt eine Virgation der Faltenzüge in Araxaiden und Paraibiden. Das ordovizische Alter der Füllung des Beckens des Rio SÃo Francisco (Bambuí) ist zu bezweifeln. Die EsphinhaÇo-Zone ist algomisch konsolidiert, die alt-algonkische Minas-Serie auf diese Zone beschränkt. Sie bildet, zusammen mit dem Bambuí-Becken, das Vorland der assyntischen Faltenzüge. Eine Aufgliederung des Archaikums ist begonnen; im bisher untersuchten Gebiet sind die archäischen Strukturen co-axial den jüngeren.     

Anmerkungen zu „Geochemische Untersuchungen an Sedimenten des Persischen Golfs“

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Cyanit und Sillimanit in moldanubischen Granuliten

Zusammenfassung Der Cyanit tritt immer nur in biotitfreien Granuliten auf; in den biotitreicheren kommt Sillimanit vor. Der Cyanit gehört einer frühen Kristallisationsphase im polymetamorphen Ablauf der Granulitgenese an und ist immer älter als der Sillimanit. Cyanit kann sich direkt in Sillimanit umwandeln, meistens jedoch wächst der Sillimanit unabhängig von Cyanit. Die Fe-Gehalte beider Aluminiumsilikate werden angegeben und die Granulitgenese kurz diskutiert.

---

Kyanite and sillimanite in moldanubian granulites

Summary Kyanite always occurs in granulites free from any biotite; in micaceous granulite kyanite is replaced by sillimanite. Kyanite belongs to an early phase of crystallization with in the polymetamorphic genesis of the granulite complexes, and is therefore older than sillimanite. Sillimanite may grow directly out of kyanite, in most cases, however, sillimanite appears to grow independently from kyanite. The iron-contents of both aluminium-silicates are indicated and the genesis of the granulites is shortly discussed.

---

---

Mit 8 Abbildungen

---

Herrn Prof. DDr.H. Wieseneder zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Progressive aqueous alteration of CM carbonaceous chondrites

CM chondrites are aqueously altered rocks that contain ∼9 wt% H₂O⁺ (i.e., indigenous water) bound in phyllosilicates; also present are clumps of serpentine-tochilinite intergrowths (previously called “poorly characterized phases” or PCP), pentlandite and Ni-bearing pyrrhotite. We studied 11 CM chondrites that span the known range from least altered to most altered. We used various petrologic properties (many previously identified) that provide information regarding the degree of aqueous alteration. There are no known unaltered or slightly altered CM chondrites (e.g., rocks containing numerous chondrules with primary igneous glass). Some CM properties result from processes associated with early and intermediate stages of the alteration sequence (i.e., hydration of matrix, alteration of chondrule glass, and production of large PCP clumps). Other petrologic properties reflect processes active throughout the alteration sequence; these include oxidation of metallic Fe-Ni, alteration of chondrule phenocrysts, changes in PCP composition (reflecting an increase in the phyllosilicate/sulfide ratio), and changes in carbonate mineralogy (reflecting the development of dolomite and complex carbonates at the expense of Ca carbonate).On the basis of these parameters, we propose a numerical alteration sequence for CM chondrites. Because there are no known CM samples that display only incipient alteration, the least altered sample was arbitrarily assigned to subtype 2.6. The most altered CM chondrites, currently classified CM1, are assigned to subtype 2.0. These highly altered rocks have essentially no mafic silicates; they contain chondrule pseudomorphs composed mainly of phyllosilicate. However, their bulk compositions are CM-like, and they are closer in texture to other C2 chondrites than to CI1 chondrites (which lack chondrule pseudomorphs). Using several diagnostic criteria, we assigned petrologic subtypes (±0.1) to every CM chondrite in our study: QUE 97990, CM2.6; Murchison, CM2.5; Kivesvaara, CM2.5; Murray, CM2.4/2.5; Y 791198, CM2.4; QUE 99355, CM2.3; Nogoya, CM2.2; Cold Bokkeveld, CM2.2; QUE 93005, CM2.1; LAP 02277, CM2.0; MET 01070, CM2.0.The proposed CM numerical alteration sequence improves upon the existing scheme of Browning et al. (1996) in that it does not require a complicated algorithm applied to electron-microprobe data to determine the average matrix phyllosilicate composition. The new sequence is more comprehensive and employs petrologic subtypes that are easier to use and remember than mineralogic alteration index values.New neutron-activation analyses of QUE 97990, QUE 93005, MET 01070, Murchison and Crescent, together with literature data, confirm the compositional uniformity of the CM group; different degrees of alteration among CM chondrites do not lead to resolvable bulk compositional differences. This suggests that the textural differences among individual CM chondrites reflect progressive alteration of similar hypothetical CM3.0 starting materials in different regions of the same parent body, with minimal aqueous transport of materials over appreciable (e.g., meters) distances.     

Beobachtungen über die Eientwicklung des Blaufelchens (Coregonus lavaretus wartmanni) im Bodensee-Obersee

Lake Constance whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus wartmanni) spawn in the water column. The demersal eggs develop at the mud-water interface at depths down to 250 m. Samples were taken by dredging areas of 100 m². Mortality, developmental stages and rate of malformations were determined. Incubation period lasts roughly from December to March. The percentage of dead eggs increased from 52% in January to 74% in February. Among living eggs deformations of the trunk raised from 4% to 31% during the same time. It is assumed that larvae with anomalities of the trunk will have no survival chances. Total losses were 91.7% in the average of all samples.