Extreme in der Höhenverteilung zweier meteorologischer Parameter

Zusammenfassung Es werden einige Produkte aus zwei (höhenabhängigen) meteorologischen Parametern auf ihre Extreme im Vertikalverlauf untersucht (z-System). Die Lage der Extreme wird in Zusammenhang gebracht mit der Lage der Schichten extremer und verschwindender Meridionalgradienten vonp, T und der Windextremschichten.

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Summary In the atmosphere there exist layers with vanishing values (H-layers in Figure 2) of the meridional gradients of pressure, temperature and density. Further: There are three cases with regard of the behaviour with altitude of wind and pressure gradientz-system). Case I: both decreasing with height; case II: wind increasing, pressure gradient decreasing with height; case III: both increasing with height. Then: There exist Null Layers (N ₁ connected with wind maximum,N ₂ with wind minimum) which reverse the large scale vertical motion of the air. In the vertical coordinate the three cases are separated by theH- and the Null Layers. In this paper the extremes of simple product functions are brought into connection with the above mentioned layers.

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Deutscher Wetterdienst, 605 Offenbach a. M. — Die Durchführung dieser Untersuchung wurde unterstützt vom US Department of the Army, European Research Office, Frankfurt/Main unter Kontrakt Nr. DA-91-591-EUC-3237.     

Volcanic gases, black smokers, and the great oxidation event

This paper proposes that gradual changes in the composition of volatiles that have been added to the atmosphere-ocean system are responsible for the Great Oxidation Event (G.O.E.) ca. 2.3 Ga. Before ca. 2.3 Ga, the composition of these volatiles was probably such that 20% of the carbon gases could be reduced to organic matter and all of the sulfur gases could be reduced to pyrite. Since 2.3 Ga, the composition of these volatiles has been such that 20% of the carbon gases could be reduced to organic matter, but only a fraction of the sulfur gases could be reduced to pyrite. This change led to the oxygenation of the atmosphere and to a large increase in the SO₄⁻² concentration of seawater. A considerable body of observational data supports these proposals.     

The Improvement of Star Catalogues by the Incorporation of New Data

Simple formulas are given by which a star's position and proper motion may be improved by the incorporation of new observations of the position when measures for the precision of all data and the “zero correlation” epoch of the old data are available. These formulas are particularly useful for “updating” positions in the General Catalogue (G.C.) or similar catalogues.     

Anwendung der Taylor-Theorie auf die Regelung von kubischen Mineralen

After compressive axialsymmetric deformation galena, halite, fluorite, sphalerite and magnetite show preferred orientation of the lattice. In all minerals the 〈110〉 direction is aligned with the axis of compression, but halite shows a second component with 〈100〉 parallel to the axis of compression. In extension tests of halite the 〈111〉 direction is aligned with the axis of the specimen. All these preferred orientations are consistent with the Taylor-theory of preferred orientation for axialsymmetric flow of metals. In order to make use of the extended and improved versions of the Taylor-theory it is necessary to get more data on the behaviour of single crystals during deformation and to have complete quantitative polefigures of deformed mineral specimens which permit the calculaton of the orientation distribution function and inverse polefigures.