Effects of flooding on the amino acid and carbohydrate patterns of Phragmites australis

Changes in the contents and composition of dissolved amino acids and carbohydrates were monitored in different Phragmites australis stands in Germany. Four different reed clones planted in 1997 in a degraded fen area in NE-Germany were compared with respect to the seasonal development in the total amount of amino acids and sugars in the basal culm internodes. The individual Phragmites clones showed significant differences in the absolute content of both parameters indicating an influence of the genotype. Flooding affected the ratio of amino acids to carbohydrates within the reed clones. Plants grown in flooded parts of the fen area revealed a significantly higher total amino acid content together with a lower total content of carbohydrates.Furthermore, the effects of extreme flooding on the content and composition of amino acids and carbohydrates in the basal culm internodes of Phragmites australis were studied in nine reed stands with different degrees of damage on Lake Constance. Shoots from extremely damaged reed stands were characterised by a significant decrease in the total content of carbohydrates, an increase in the total content of amino acids and an increase in the share of γ-aminobutyric acid. These changes in the content and composition of carbohydrates and amino acids were discussed with respect to their value as stress indicators, such as for oxygen deprivation which causes a hypoxic metabolic state in Phragmites australis stands.     

Constructing quality: The multinational histories of chocolate

Geographic research on food quality, while considering many of the ways in which quality is socially constructed, has largely focused on the place-based aspects of the raw materials of food production. Here, we use French convention theory to look at a highly processed food in order to show how place associations in the social construction of food quality extend to manufacturing. For chocolate, quality is based on material characteristics whose relative importance in determining quality depends on the country in which different stages of economic innovation took place. Struggles over the definition of quality chocolate, as exemplified by the “European Chocolate War,” show how quality issues are connected to geographies of manufacturing and innovation.     

GPS卫星星历的精度分析

利用全球GPS永久性跟踪站WUHN(武汉)站在SA取消前后五天的广播星历文件计算得到在视卫星的位置和钟差，与事后IGS精密星历提供的卫星位置和钟差进行比较分析，说明SA取消对广播星历的影响。     

Refractory organic carbon in particle-size fractions of arable soils I: distribution of refractory carbon between the size fractions

Refractory compounds are responsible for the long-term sequestration of organic matter in soil. The aim of this study is to assess the storage of refractory compounds, i.e. compounds with long turnover times, across size separates in arable soils. The contents and distribution of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) in size fractions were examined for two contrasting treatment types from long-term agroecosystem experiments, i.e. C-depleted and fertilized plots. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool of the C-depleted plots is considered to be relatively enriched in refractory compounds compared with the SOC in the fertilized counterparts. In two of the three long-term experiments, the relative retention of OC in separates <20 μm was considerably higher than in separates 2000–20 μm (OC contents in depleted plots compared with fertilized plots). Highest residual contents of OC were found in fractions <6 μm. In the third experiment, additionally to the very fine fractions, separates 250–20 μm retained a high proportion of OC. The behavior of N was analogous to that of OC: the highest relative residues in the depleted plots were found in fine separates. These results indicate that in the investigated arable soils, C and N compounds associated with fine separates are most stable. Refractory OC in arable soils may be largely stored in fine particle-size fractions.     

北斗三号观测数据质量及定位精度初步评估

开展BDS-3观测数据质量评估对于即将到来的BDS-3应用研究至关重要。本文从载噪比、伪距多路径及观测噪声3方面评估了BDS-3卫星的观测数据质量,在此基础上分析了其标准单点定位和短基线相对定位性能。初步评估结果表明：在载噪比方面,BDS-3卫星的B1I频点比BDS-2卫星高3~4 dB/Hz,B3I频点最高,其余频点大小相当;在多路径方面,BDS-3卫星伪距B2a、B2b和B3I与BDS-2的B3I大小相当,B1I和B1C与BDS-2的B1I、B2I大小相当,且BDS-3各频点的伪距多路径组合中不存在明显的与高度角相关的伪距偏差;在观测值噪声方面,BDS-3卫星与BDS-2卫星各频点大小基本相当。相比于仅使用BDS-2卫星,增加BDS-3卫星可以改善几何图形结构,一定程度上提高伪距单点定位和短基线相对定位的精度。     

北斗中长基线动态定位首次固定时间和定位精度分析

给出单基站北斗中长基线动态定位的数学模型和误差处理策略,基于中国天津、武汉和广东CORS站网的多条中长基线实测数据,对模糊度首次固定时间和定位精度进行评估与分析。结果表明,对于目前的北斗区域系统而言,北斗中长基线的首次固定时间与测站纬度和观测时段有明显的相关性,中国北方地区的平均首次固定时间约为2 h,中部地区约为1.5 h,南方地区不到1 h,同一条基线不同时段的首次固定时间存在差异;模糊度正确固定后的动态解算精度RMS在东方向、北方向、高程方向分别为2.5 cm、2.1 cm和6.1 cm。     

Galileo导航系统观测值的质量分析

从信噪比、伪距多路径效应、单差残差和非差观测值精度等方面对进入初始服务初期Galileo导航系统观测值的质量进行了对比分析,最后简要评估了Galileo导航系统的单点定位精度。结果表明:在信噪比方面,Galileo E5最高,E1、E5a和E5b次之且基本相当;在伪距多路径方面,Galileo E1最大,其次分别为E5b和E5a,而E5最小;在单差残差方面,Galileo导航系统单差相位残差基本在±4 mm内,单差伪距残差基本在±0.3 m内;在非差观测值精度方面,Galileo导航系统相位观测值精度E1最高,E5a、E5b和E5次之且基本相当,而伪距观测值精度E5最高,E5b最差;整体上而言,Galileo导航系统观测值的数据质量略优于GPS和BDS;Galileo导航系统单频伪距单点定位的水平精度约为2.2 m,与GPS和BDS的水平定位精度基本相当,而高程精度约为5.2 m,稍差于GPS和BDS,这与可观测卫星数和PDOP有很大的关系。     

配置法在卫星轨道积分中的应用

介绍了配置法的基本原理和计算方法,探讨了其在卫星轨道积分中的应用。分析了不同的积分步长与方法阶数对积分精度的影响,并确定了适宜的积分步长与方法阶数(与Bernese软件的缺省值一致)。此外,通过与用传统数值积分方法设计的联合积分器计算结果进行比较,得出了配置法的一些优点:可以取较大的积分步长;配置法直接给出的是各个积分区间的多项式系数,用户无需进行内插和拟合即可方便地得到任意时刻的卫星位置和速度。     

Chemical Aspects of Fractional Crystallization of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Produced from Waste Fats

Fractional crystallization of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) produced from waste cooking oil or animal fats was performed in a laboratory-scale facility. The raw esters and the “winterization” products were analyzed by determining the FAME pattern, iodine and peroxide numbers as well as oxidation stabilities and element concentrations. Fractionation experiments under air and nitrogen were conducted, but no differences concerning oxidative stability were observed. By improvement of the winterization and washing the filtration residue with methanol, the enrichment of saturated FAME in one step was raised up to a technically sufficient rate of 85%. Absorption of oxygen by FAME at different temperatures was measurable. Volatile decomposition products were registrated after heating the FAME at different temperatures. It was shown that antioxidants like butylhydroxytoluene or α-tocopherol were enriched in the phase of unsaturated FAME. This effect obviously affected the oxidative stability of the fraction of saturated FAME during winterization, although no oxidative damage of FAME was detectable at temperatures up to 20°C.