Regionale Meeresschutzkooperation und die EU-Gratwanderung der Helsinki-Kommission imOsterweiterungsprozess der EU

Ocean Dynamics - Der Vortrag bezweckt, die Rolle der regionalen Meeresschutzkooperationen im Gefüge der internationalen Zusammenarbeit zu beschreiben; es soll nachgewiesen werden, dass die...     

Egg capsule hatch rate and incubation duration of the California market squid,Doryteuthis (= Loligo) opalescens: insights from laboratory manipulations

Egg capsules of the squid Doryteuthis (= Loligo) opalescens were reared in the laboratory to assess the dependence of time‐to‐hatching (incubation time) and hatching success rate on temperature and light regime. Both incubation time and hatch duration were found to be inversely related to temperature. More than 96% of paralarvae hatch from eggs reared at temperatures between 9 and 14 °C. Hatch rate drops below 90% in warmer and colder water. No eggs hatch below 7 °C, and the upper limit of viability is near 25 °C. The vast majority (91%) of hatchlings emerged during the dark phase of the photoperiod. Egg capsules reared at 13.4 °C with a supposedly commensal polychaete, Capitella ovincola, had a slightly higher hatch rate than those without the annelid. Because eggs are naturally laid closely together, crowding was hypothesized to cause decreased ventilation and a lower hatch rate. Crowding was tested by placing two capsules (rather than one) into the small incubation chambers (50 ml). This treatment did not result in a lower hatch rate at 13.4 °C, but at 21.4 °C it decreased the hatch rate by 20%. Brood incubation duration is related to temperature by the equation: Incubation (days) = 14.97 + 177.40 × exp(?0.119 × Temperature –°C) (χ² = 282.5, P = 0.001). Stable isotope analysis confirmed that C. ovincola worms eat the capsule matrix, not the paralarvae. These polychaetes had a δ¹⁵N value of 12.79‰versus 12.06‰ for squid paralarvae, and 10.54‰ for the gelatinous matrix of egg capsules. This fractionation factor ε of 2.25‰ is consistent with marine food webs. Provision of nutrients and shelter for the annelids and increased hatch rate for the squid embryos suggests a symbiotic relationship between these organisms.     

Large-Scale Differences in Community Structure and Ecosystem Services of Eelgrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera marina</Emphasis>) Beds Across Three Regions in Eastern Canada

Eelgrass (Zostera marina) forms extensive beds in temperate coastal and estuarine environments worldwide and provides important ecosystem services, including habitat for a wide range of species as well as nutrient cycling and carbon storage. However, little is known about how eelgrass ecosystem structure and services differ naturally among regions. Using large-scale field surveys, we examined differences in eelgrass bed structure, carbon and nitrogen storage, community composition, and habitat services across three distinct regions in Eastern Canada. We focused on eelgrass beds with low anthropogenic impacts to compare natural differences. In addition, we analyzed the relationships of eelgrass bed structure with environmental conditions, and species composition with bed structure and environmental conditions, to elucidate potential drivers of observed differences. Our results indicate that regional differences in eelgrass bed structure were weakly correlated with water column properties, whereas differences in carbon and nitrogen storage were mainly driven by differences in eelgrass biomass. There were distinct regional differences in species composition and diversity, which were particularly linked to temperature, as well as eelgrass bed structure indicating differences in habitat provision. Our results highlight natural regional differences in ecosystem structure and services which could inform spatial management and conservation strategies for eelgrass beds.     

联合少量地面控制源的空间信息网轨道确定与时间同步

全球低轨卫星通信星座的发展以及全球导航卫星系统卫星轨道和钟差确定技术的进步,为地基连续运行参考系统(CORS)向近地空间转移提供了必要的基础.空间信息网中低轨卫星节点的使用有助于突破地面参考站布设范围的限制,联合少量境内地面控制源可实现全球高精度空间基准服务.针对空间信息网具有的高动态、网络重构性和伸缩性强的特点,如何利用境内少量地面控制源准确确定空间信息网中低轨卫星轨道和时间基准,是实现天基CORS网全球服务的关键.本文研究了基于骨干网和接入网策略进行空间基准和时间基准统一的方法.试验表明,仅利用5个中国境内测站和2个南北极测站,结合12个低轨卫星节点,即可实现约7 cm精度的骨干网中导航卫星和低轨卫星精密轨道确定.在精确确定骨干网节点轨道的条件下,其他节点的实时定轨精度可达10 cm左右.在空间信息网的时间同步体系方面,提出了网络分层自治策略和新型星间链路用于星间和星地高精度时间比对的方法.结果表明基于通信信号体制可实现10 ns精度量级的时间同步性能.     

Temporal and spatial trends of precipitation and river flow in the Yangtze River Basin, 1961–2000

The suspected impact of climate warming on precipitation distribution is examined in the Yangtze River Basin. Daily precipitation data for 147 meteorological stations from 1961–2000 and monthly discharge data for three stations in the basin have been analyzed for temporal and spatial trends. The methods used include the Mann–Kendall test and simple regression analysis. The results show (1) a significant positive trend in summer precipitation at many stations especially for June and July, with the summer precipitation maxima in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin in the 1990s; (2) a positive trend in rainstorm frequency that is the main contributor to increased summer precipitation in the basin; and (3) a significant positive trend in flood discharges in the middle and lower basin related to the spatial patterns and temporal trends of both precipitation and individual rainstorms in the last 40 years. The rainstorms have aggravated floods in the middle and lower Yangtze River Basin in recent decades. The observed trends in precipitation and rainstorms are possibly caused by variations of atmospheric circulation (weakened summer monsoon) under climate warming.     

导航卫星自主定轨星座旋转误差分析与控制方法

The key to the question about autonomous navigation of GNSS is to found a time-space coordinate system which attached itself to an earth centered earth fixed system. Autonomous orbit determination based on inter-satellite range measurements can maintain the relative position between navigation satellites,but cannot determine the constellation rotation. The cause lies in the fact that inter-satellite range velocity measurements don't reflect the right ascension of ascending node systematic error. The reason and solution of constellation rotation error are discussed and the method adaptive to GNSS autonomous orbit determination through a simulation experiment is pointed out.     

导航卫星自主定轨中系统误差ΔΩ和Δt的消除方法

为了消除利用星间距离或速度观测值进行自主定轨时可能存在的卫星星座整体旋转和卫星钟差整体漂移的误差,提出利用单点定位的方法来研究并消除上述两项误差.当导航卫星整体旋转ΔΩ角时,单点定位所求得的测站经度也会偏移ΔΩ角,据此就能用具有精确地面坐标的控制点来测定ΔΩ角.当各卫星钟中均含有系统误差Δt时,利用单点定位所求得的接收机钟差中也会出现同样的误差,通过与标准时间比对就能测定Δt值.算例结果表明,该方法是有效的、可行的.     

综合星间和地面测距数据的导航卫星联合定轨

简要地论述了基于星间测距数据和地面跟踪数据的导航卫星联合定轨中的观测模型、定轨软件及数据模拟方法等,在此基础上,基于自编的联合定轨软件进行了不同方案的模拟计算。结果表明,采用星地联合定轨模式,不仅可以获得很好的定轨精度,而且可大量减少地面跟踪站的布设数目以及降低对地面站的几何分布要求;地面跟踪站数量的增加及其地理分布的改善对提高联合定轨精度作用有限。     

Tracking and orbit determination performance of the GRAS instrument on MetOp-A

The global navigation satellite system receiver for atmospheric sounding (GRAS) on MetOp-A is the first European GPS receiver providing dual-frequency navigation and occultation measurements from a spaceborne platform on a routine basis. The receiver is based on ESA’s AGGA-2 correlator chip, which implements a high-quality tracking scheme for semi-codeless P(Y) code tracking on the L1 and L2 frequency. Data collected with the zenith antenna on MetOp-A have been used to perform an in-flight characterization of the GRAS instrument with focus on the tracking and navigation performance. Besides an assessment of the receiver noise and systematic measurement errors, the study addresses the precise orbit determination accuracy achievable with the GRAS receiver. A consistency on the 5 cm level is demonstrated for reduced dynamics orbit solutions computed independently by four different agencies and software packages. With purely kinematic solutions, 10 cm accuracy is obtained. As a part of the analysis, an empirical antenna offset correction and preliminary phase center correction map are derived, which notably reduce the carrier phase residuals and improve the consistency of kinematic orbit determination results.