We conducted testing to determine whether stipe length is a useful indicator of reproductive maturity in the kelp Ecklonia cava, a species that plays a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning and services in subtidal areas. Approximately 100 sporophytes with stipes of various lengths were collected during the fertile period (July–November, 2013). We investigated the relationships between stipe length and other morphological characteristics to determine whether stipe length could indicate the age of reproductive maturity. Primary blade length, longest blade length, thallus height, and total length showed significant relationships with stipe length. The length of the primary and longest blades gradually declined as stipe length increased above 125 mm. Zoosporangial sori were found on the blades of more than 70% of individuals with stipes longer than 125 mm, but on only 8% of individuals with stipes less than 125 mm long. Stipe length therefore seems to be an acceptable proxy for reproductive maturity. Another factor to consider, however, is that all specimens with zoosporangial sori, regardless of stipe length, had a dry weight of 80 g or more; thus, individual biomass may also be an important parameter influencing the initiation of reproduction. 相似文献
ABSTRACT This paper reviews socio-hydrology and hydrosocial research, finding a sophisticated relationship with emergent syntheses. We examined 419 papers by topic, region of study, theories implemented, journal, and year published to ascertain trends in both subfields. We found important overlap and considerable difference between subfields. Whereas hydrosocial research took years to develop, socio-hydrology commenced with an inaugural paper in 2012. While the former focuses on power and scale in studying water demand, the latter concentrates on practical responses to climate extremes. Hydrosocial research usually relies on qualitative methods, and socio-hydrology research the quantitative. In the geographic regions where the former does not focus, the latter does. The former often relies on post-structuralist theory, whereas the latter uses positivist approaches. Our review concludes that socio-hydrology and hydrosocial research exist in a complex epistemological relationship, offering fertile grounds for lively discussions from which both will continue to benefit. 相似文献
The results of study of the alkaline silicate melt–hydrous saline (carbonate, sulfate, and fluoride) fluid system, as well as partitioning of ore metals (Ba, Sr, and REEs) between coexisting phases at T = 1250°C and P = 2 kbar are reported. It is shown that aqueous solutions with the compositions studied cannot be effective concentrators and transporters of ore elements such as REEs, Sr, and Ba. The sulfate melt accumulates Sr and Ba in the alkaline silicate melt–hydrous sulfate fluid system, which provides evidence for the efficiency of sulfate ore extraction of Sr and Ba from the melt. The results obtained support the important oregenerating role of dense saline phases formed upon the development of liquid heterogeneity in fluid–magmatic systems.
The multiphase flow simulator moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is developed based on the fractional-flow approach,
originated in the petroleum engineering literature, considering the fully three-phase flow with general boundary conditions.
The fractional flow approach employs water saturation, total liquid saturation, and total pressure as primary variables. Most
existing models based upon fractional flow are limited to two-phase flow and specific boundary conditions. Although there
appear a number of three-phase flow models, they were mostly developed using pressure-based approaches, which require variable-switch
techniques to deal with phase appearance and disappearance. The use of fractional flow-based approaches in MPS makes it unnecessary
to use variable-switching to handle the change of phase configurations because the water saturation, total liquid saturation,
and total pressure exist throughout the solution domain regardless of whether certain phases are present or not. Furthermore,
most existing fractional flow-based models consider only specific boundary conditions, usually Dirichlet-type pressure for
water phase and flux-type boundary for nonaqueous phase liquid or particular combinations for individual phase. However, the
present model considers general boundary conditions of ten most possible and plausible cases. The first eight cases are the
combinations of the phase pressure or the phase flux of each of the three individual phases. The other two cases are the variable
boundary conditions: one for water-medium interface and the other for the air-medium interface when the directions of fluxes
are not known a priori. Thus, the model’s capabilities of handling general boundary conditions extend the simulators’ usefulness
in the field system. 相似文献
Doklady Earth Sciences - The melt in the alumosilicate (granite) melt–molten fluoride salt system is experimentally studied at Т = 800–1200°С and Р = 1–2... 相似文献
Doklady Earth Sciences - The solubility of phenakite in aluminosilicate melts of various alkalinity was studied experimentally at T = 1000°C and P = 1 kbar in dry conditions and in the... 相似文献
The Bakjisan Syncline is located in the northwestern part of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea. New paleomagnetic data for the Upper Carboniferous–Lower Triassic Pyeongan Supergroup from the Pyeongchang area on the west limb of the Bakjisan Syncline have been obtained, and synthesized and compared with previous data from the Jeongseon area on the east limb of the syncline. A total of 350 specimens were collected from 21 sites to clarify the relationship between the spatial distribution of remagnetized areas and the thrust system in the Taebaeksan Basin. The characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) isolated from all samples was a remagnetized component acquired after tilting of the strata and carried by various magnetic minerals (magnetite, hematite and pyrrhotite). From rock magnetic studies, electron microscope observations and XRD analyses, the pervasive remagnetization is interpreted to be associated mainly with a fluid-mediated chemical remanent magnetization (CRM). This is consistent with the results of previous work in adjacent areas. The paleomagnetic pole position (88.3°E, 83.9°N, A95 = 4.9°) from the Pyeongan Supergroup in the Bakjisan Syncline indicates that the timing of the remagnetization event is Early Tertiary times (i.e. Paleocene to Eocene) by comparison with reliable paleopoles from the Korean Peninsula. Early Tertiary CRMs are also reported from previous studies of an adjacent region within the northwestern part of the Taebaeksan Basin. In contrast, a primary remanent magnetization was reported in the southeastern part of the Taebaeksan Basin. This implies that the major thrust system (the Gakdong thrust) which separates the two regions has caused them to experience substantially different geologic histories since deposition of the strata. Since many thrusts with NS trend are observed in the northwestern part of the Taebaeksan Basin compared with the southeastern region, it appears that the remagnetizing fluids pervasively penetrated the northwestern part of the basin by utilizing the already well-developed thrust system. 相似文献