暴雨模拟中多普勒雷达径向速度变分同化的应用

针对2008年6月广东地区的一次强降雨过程,利用WRF中尺度数值模式及其三维变分同化系统(WRF-3DVAR),进行了多普勒雷达径向速度变分同化对暴雨过程模拟效果影响研究。结果表明:WRF-3DVAR能够有效地同化多普勒雷达径向速度,同化后的主要影响在于改进了初始动力场,使得初始场包含有更详尽的中尺度特征信息,进而显著提高模式对广东局地暴雨过程的模拟效果。在高分辨率中尺度数值模式中有效地利用多普勒天气雷达资料,是提高中尺度降雨预报的关键。     

天祝盆地边缘断层的全新世活动及盆地的演化与形成

根据作者１／５０，０００活断层地质填图的资料，讨论了天祝盆地内断层的全新世活动及盆地的形成与演化历史。结果表明，天祝盆地内断层的全新世活动强烈，上窑洞沟深槽揭示３９８０±５０ａＢ．Ｐ．曾发生过一次古地震事件，天祝盆地是一个典型的拉分盆地，其形成及演化与断裂活动密切相关．     

Study on the Global Carbon Assimilation System Based on Multisource Remote Sensing Data

The Paris agreement signed in April, 2016 aims to balance global anthropogenic carbon emissions and terrestrial carbon sinks by the middle of the 21^st century. To fulfill this goal, it is necessary to calculate carbon fluxes of different regions reliably. The global carbon assimilation system is an effective technique for achieving this goal. The Ministry of Science and Technology of China supports the project entitled as study on the global carbon assimilation system based on multisource remote sensing data through the national key research and development programs for global change and adaptation during the thirteen-five period. This project will develop synergic inversion techniques for retrieving key parameters of biological and atmospheric cycles and for assimilating multisource remote sensing and ground based data. Then, the high resolution global carbon assimilation system coupled with an ecological model will be constructed. This system is able to assimilate jointly multisource observation data and to optimize key model parameters, photosynthesis and respiration carbon fluxes of global terrestrial ecosystems, and anthropogenic carbon emission fluxes of key regions. This system will be used to study quantitatively the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon fluxes of global terrestrial ecosystems and anthropogenic carbon emission fluxes of key regions and to identify the mechanisms driving the global terrestrial carbon sinks and sources. The outputs of this study will be helpful for the fulfillment of the key research and development programs for global change and adaptation and provide valuable data and technical support for the decision-making in China.     

气候变化对中国集中供暖气候指标的影响

应用高空间分辨率的网格逐日气象数据,根据国家集中供暖有关设计规范定义了集中供暖气候指标,分析了气候变暖对中国集中供暖气候指标的影响。结果表明：近55 a来中国集中供暖初日均呈后延趋势,初日特征线年代际南北移动较小。供暖终日均呈提前趋势,终日特征线在110°E以东地区南北移动较大,2000年以来终日特征线较20世纪60年代北抬了200~300 km。供暖期长度均呈减少趋势,东北、华北地区近55 a减少了10~15 d,西北地区减少了15~20 d;东北、华北、西北地区供暖强度分别减少了12%、20%、15%。从1991~2015年冬季气温变化来看,东北地区最冷冬季与最暖冬季的温度相差可达6.2℃,对供暖强度的影响可达28.9%,华北和西北地区冬季气温最大变幅分别为3.7℃、3.3℃,对供暖强度的影响分别为26.8%和17.6%。气候变暖对中国集中供热气候指标产生了显著的影响。供热部门应该根据天气变化来安排供暖,同时还要注意气候变暖背景下极端冷事件的发生,保证集中供暖安全运行。     

Geochemical Characteristics and Genetic Significance of Datangpo‐Type Manganese Ore Deposits during the Cryogenian Period

The Datangpo‐type manganese ore deposits, which formed during the Nanhuan (Cryogenian) period and are located in northeastern Guizhou and adjacent areas, are one of the most important manganese resources in China, showing good prospecting potential. Many middle‐to‐large deposits, and even super‐large mineral deposits, have been discovered. However, the genesis of manganese ore deposits is still controversial and remains a long‐standing source of debate; there are several viewpoints including biogenesis, hydrothermal sedimentation, gravity flows, cold‐spring carbonates, etc. Geochemical data from several manganese ore deposits show that there are positive correlations between Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, SiO₂, K₂O, and Na₂O, and strong negative correlations between Al₂O₃ and CaO, MgO, and MnO in black shales and manganese ores. U, Mo, and V show distinct enrichment in black shales and inconspicuous enrichment in Mn ores. Ba and Rb show strong positive correlations with K₂O in manganese ores. Cu, Ni, and Zn show clear correlations with total iron in both manganese ores and black shales. ∑REE of manganese ores has a large range with evident positive Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies. The Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns of manganese ores present pronounced middle rare earth element (MREE) enrichment, producing “hat‐shaped” REE plots. ∑REE of black shales is more variable compared with PAAS, and the PAAS‐normalized REE distribution patterns appear as “flat‐shaped” REE plots, lacking evident anomaly characteristics. δ¹³C values of carbonate in both manganese ores and the black shales show observable negative excursions. The comprehensive analysis suggests that the black shales formed in a reducing and quiet water column, while the manganese ores formed in oxic muddy seawater, which resulted from periodic transgressions. There was an oxidation–reduction cycle of manganese between the top water body and the bottom water body caused by the transgressions during the early Datangpo, which resulted in the dissolution of manganese. Through the exchange of the euphotic zone water and the bottom water, and episodic inflow of oxygenated water, the manganese in the bottom water was oxidized to Mn‐oxyhydroxides and rapidly buried along with algae. In the early diagenetic stage, Mn‐oxyhydroxides were reduced and dissolved in the anoxic pore water and then transformed into Mn‐carbonates by reacting with HCO₃^? from the degradation of organic matter or from seawater. In the intervals between transgressions, continuous supplies of terrigenous clastics and the high productive rates of organic matter in the euphotic zone resulted in the deposition of the black shales enriched in organic matter.     

中国海洋的珊瑚-珊瑚礁: 南海中央区珊瑚-珊瑚礁生物多样性特征

珊瑚是地球上最古老的原住民,具有近6×108年的发育史,弱势群居、喜温和原地长成是珊瑚的基本特征。作者介绍了珊瑚-珊瑚礁的基本特征,综述了跨十年调查的研究区珍贵照片资料和相关认识,指出中国是全球主要的珊瑚-珊瑚礁国家,地位举足轻重;珊瑚-珊瑚礁作为地球生物多样性的代表,造岛、固礁、护鱼、防护岛岸流失,形成南海四大群岛280余座岛、礁、滩、沙,所构建庞大海洋生态系统是无与伦比的海洋生态资源和寸土寸金的南海海洋国土。提出划分南海珊瑚-珊瑚礁为中央区和周缘区2个分布区,阐述了南海中央区珊瑚-珊瑚礁的基本特征,系统汇集报道了间隔10年2个科考航次调查在浅水礁盘浮潜、至20 m水深浅潜-深潜和礁盘及开展岛、礁、滩、沙地质调查的发现,包括科学定名46种六放石珊瑚和6种八放软珊瑚等成果,同时,收集了西沙、中沙、东沙和南沙群岛海域的相关调查航次珊瑚照片;进一步阐述了单体环礁和复合环礁的特征及分布,并进行了初步对比,指出永乐环礁是南海唯一一个真正的切合达尔文模式的环礁,也是环礁发展到最高阶段的产物,构成现代海洋珊瑚-珊瑚礁形成演化研究最好的天然实验室。     

湿位涡守恒条件下西南涡的发展

运用高分辨率数值预报模式 (HIRLAM)模拟了一次中国西南地区在多种活跃天气系统影响下 ,西南涡的发展过程。分析了东亚季风、青藏高压、地形等多种尺度与不同高低空环流形势配合以及在湿位涡守恒条件下对流发展时 ,潜热及不稳定能量的释放 ,对中尺度涡旋和强对流发生发展的作用 ,探讨了西南涡和局地降水增强与消亡的成因与理论 ,并具有实用意义     

超慢速扩张环境下超镁铁质岩系统的热液硫化物成矿机理以及启示

西南印度洋63.5°E热液区是在超慢速扩张洋脊发现的首个超镁铁质岩热液系统。对取自该区的热液硫化物样品进行了系统的矿物学和地球化学分析,矿物学分析结果表明:该热液区硫化物为富Fe型高温硫化物,且经历了较深程度的氧化蚀变,大量中间态的Fe氧化物充填在硫化物矿物间的孔隙及内部解理中;这些硫化物相以白铁矿为主,其次是等轴古巴矿和少量铜蓝,缺乏黄铁矿、闪锌矿。据推断,该区的热液成矿作用分为4个阶段:低温白铁矿阶段→高温等轴古巴矿阶段→自形白铁矿阶段→后期海底风化阶段（少量铜蓝以及大量的Fe的羟氧化物）。与之相对应,地球化学分析结果表明这些硫化物的Fe含量较高（31.57%~44.59%）,Cu含量次之（0.16%~7.24%）,而Zn含量普遍较低（0.01%~0.11%）;微量元素较为富集Co（328×10-6~2 400×10-6）和Mn（48.5×10-6~1 730×10-6）。该区硫化物中较高含量的Fe、Co与超镁铁质岩热液系统相似,明显高于镁铁质岩热液系统。独特的热液硫化物矿物学特征和元素组成可能与该区普遍出露的地幔岩、橄榄岩蛇纹石化作用以及拆离断层的广泛发育的环境有关。     

城市住宅小区容积率时空分异研究——以大连市内四区为例

以大连市内四区为例,将城镇地籍调查数据与互联网房产数据相结合作为基础数据,通过ArcGIS软件生成住宅小区点数据的空间分布图,对大连市住宅小区容积率的时间演变和空间分布进行研究,并利用锡尔指数计算住宅小区容积率的空间差异量化测度指数,最后阐述住宅小区容积率空间差异的机制。结果表明：① 1992~2016年大连市住宅小区的数量在持续发展时期最多,平均容积率展现出波动上涨的趋势。② 区：大尺度包括冷炳荣住宅小区容积率整体上呈现出不均匀性和破碎性,局部又呈现出混乱性和复杂性,东部地区小区容积率分异比西部大。③ 中山区空间差异量化测度指数最高为0.831,甘井子区最低为0.125,西岗区与四区整体格局最为相近。极低等级容积率空间分异指数最高,容积率分异指数由两极向中间递减。大连市住宅小区容积率空间差异主要体现在区域内,其对研究区容积率空间分异影响较大。④ 住宅小区容积率空间差异的主要原因为下垫面性质对住宅小区建设的限制、区位的优良性对住宅类型的指向、城市规划对土地利用的导向、极差地租与容积率的相关性、小区建设成本对容积率的影响。