南水北调中线工程建设与河南水资源可持续利用

文章通过对河南省水资源开发利用现状，存在的主要问题，水资源供需平衡以及南水北调工程对河南省水资源利用的影响论述，提出了在拟定南水北调工程供水方案中，应通过强化节水，加强水资源保护，严格控制地下水开采，将水资源作为商品等措施，促进河南省水资源的可持续开发利用。     

0509号台风麦莎的结构与外围暴雨分布特征

利用地面加密观测资料、FY-2C卫星TBB资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2005年8月6～8日0509号台风麦莎登陆后环流结构及暴雨分布特征进行了综合分析。结果表明：台风麦莎具有明显不对称结构,台风东侧和北侧的积云对流较为旺盛;台风环流地面正涡度中心位于台风东侧,并随着台风北上移向台风东北象限并加强。地面强辐合区随着倒槽发展向偏北方向伸展;850hPa台风环流场表现为东侧和北侧的环流强盛,偏东风低空急流在台风北上过程中从东南风急流转为东北风急流;台风东侧暖,西侧冷,其东北侧有强暖平流输送。200hPa高空急流发展,急流入口区右侧强辐散有利于台风登陆后长时间维持。500hPa强上升运动区与台风外围暴雨区有较好对应关系。     

Improved Priority‐Flood method for depression filling by redundant calculation optimization in local micro‐relief areas

Depression filling is a critical step in distributed hydrological modeling using digital elevation models (DEMs). The traditional Priority‐Flood (PF) approach is widely used due to its relatively high efficiency when dealing with a small‐sized DEM. However, it seems inadequate and inefficient when dealing with large high‐resolution DEMs. In this work, we examined the relationship between the PF algorithm calculation process and the topographical characteristics of depressions, and found significant redundant calculations in the local micro‐relief areas in the conventional PF algorithm. As such calculations require more time when dealing with large DEMs, we thus propose a new variant of the PF algorithm, wherein redundant points and calculations are recognized and eliminated based on the local micro‐relief water‐flow characteristics of the depression‐filling process. In addition, depressions and flatlands were optimally processed by a quick queue to improve the efficiency of the process. The proposed method was applied and validated in eight case areas using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model (SRTM‐DEM) with 1 arc‐second resolution. These selected areas have different data sizes. A comparative analysis among the proposed method, the Wang and Liu‐based PF, the improved Barnes‐based PF, the improved Zhou‐based PF, and the Planchon and Darboux (P&D) algorithms was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The results showed that the proposed algorithm is 43.2% (maximum) faster than Wang and Liu's variant of the PF method, with an average of 31.8%. In addition, the proposed algorithm achieved similar performance to the improved Zhou‐based PF algorithm, though our algorithm has the advantage of being simpler. The optimal strategies using the proposed algorithm can be employed in various landforms with high efficiency. The proposed method can also achieve good depression filling, even with large amounts of DEM data.     

多元信息分析技术在460地区深层构造研究及找矿中的应用

在华北地台北缘中新生代火山岩发育区,发现大型铀钼矿床,其外围被第四系广泛覆盖。为了进一步扩大找矿,我们采用了以遥感图象、地质图件、航磁、航放资料为基础信息的多元信息计算机综合分析技术。通过已知成矿模式的建立,对与成矿有关的地质体与基础信息源之间的相关性研究,对这些相关信息在图像处理系统中进行的组合显示分析,从而确立了各类地质体及控矿地质要素复合集聚区的多参数影像模型;查明了它们的空间分布规律;圈出了5个主体火山机构;发现了大规模蚀变带及其与铀矿化异常之间的空间相关关系。据此编制出反映该区成矿地质环境的第四系覆盖层下深部地质构造影像图及成矿远景区影像图,在某一远景区内用航空彩色红外图像及侧视雷达图像进行解译,圈定了5个隐伏次火山岩体。经钻探验证了它们的存在并发现工业铀矿化。这一切都为已知矿区的外围扩大找矿工作起了指导作用。     

基于BISQ模型的三维双相各向异性介质数值模拟

Biot-flow and squirt-flow are the two most important fluid flow mechanisms in porous media containing fluids. Based on the BISQ （Biot-Squirt） model where the two mechanisms are treated simultaneously, the elastic wave-field simulation in the porous medium is limited to two-dimensions and two-components （2D2C） or two-dimensions and three-components （2D3C）. There is no previous report on wave simulation in three- dimensions and three-components. Only through three dimensional numerical simulations can we have an overall understanding of wave field coupling relations and the spatial distribution characteristics between the solid and fluid phases in the dual-phase anisotropic medium. In this paper, based on the BISQ equation, we present elastic wave propagation in a three dimensional dual-phase anisotropic medium simulated by the staggered-grid high-order finite-difference method. We analyze the resulting wave fields and show that the results are an improvement.     

小震密集带与地质活动断裂的关系研究

采用双差地震定位方法对1830年磁县7(1/2)级地震X区及其附近地区小震进行重新定位,划分出小震密集带,根据小震空间分布特征,研究X区范围内断裂构造与小震密集带之间的关系。结果表明,小震主要集中在NE向断裂与磁县—大名断裂交汇处以及断层切割区。     

Runoff and sediment yield from land under various uses in a Mediterranean mountain area: long‐term results from an experimental station

In this study we analyzed runoff and sediment yield from land under various traditional and current land uses in Mediterranean mountain areas, using long‐term data from an experimental station in the Aísa Valley, Central Spanish Pyrenees. Monitoring at this station has provided 20 years of data that can help explain the hydrological and geomorphological changes that have been observed at larger spatial scales, and also the changes that have occurred to some of the most characteristic landscapes of the Mediterranean middle mountains. In spite of the problems associated with the use of small experimental plots, the results obtained are consistent with other studies in the Mediterranean region, and confirm the strong influence of land use changes on runoff generation and sediment yield. The results indicate that: (i) cereal cultivation on steep slopes (both alternating cereal cultivation and fallow on sloping fields and shifting agriculture on the steepest slopes) represents a major problem for soil conservation. This explains the occurrence throughout the Mediterranean mountains of many degraded hillslopes, which show evidence of sheet wash erosion, rilling, gullying and shallow landsliding; (ii) farmland abandonment has led to a marked reduction in runoff and sediment yield as a consequence of rapid plant recolonization, particularly by dense shrubs; (iii) the natural transformation of abandoned fields into grazing meadows has reduced runoff and sediment yield. Land use trends in the Mediterranean mountains are mainly characterized by generalized farmland abandonment and a decrease in livestock pressure. From a hydrological and geomorphological point of view the main consequences have been a reduction in overland flow from the hillslopes, and a reduction in sediment sources, with differences up to one order of magnitude in sediment yield from dense shrub cover and grazing meadow areas compared with areas under shifting agriculture. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩石多次全过程压入硬度的测试试验

介绍了在ＭＴＳ８１５型岩石力学试验机上配置专用夹具和平底圆柱压模后成功地进行岩石表面多次全过程压入破碎试验的情况,分析了这种试验方法与传统的单次压入硬度测试法相比在反映岩石破碎过程特征、表征岩石压入硬度方面所具有的优点。最后邮进一步研究应解决的几个问题。     

热带环流异常对1998年长江流域特大洪涝的影响

分析了造成1998年长江流域特大洪涝灾害的大尺度热带环流成因。指出1998年处在热带环流强度偏弱的气候阶段，西太平洋暖池地区对流活动偏弱，南海热带季风持续异常偏弱，副热带夏季风偏强度是造成长江持续强降水的主要原因；西太平洋热带对流层高低层环流系统的异常分布，为1998年长江特大洪涝提供了有利的环流背景，还探讨了热带环流异常影响换国夏季降水的可能途径，它们的关系在1998年夏季降水预测中得到应用。     

氮与磷的增加对海水无机碳体系影响的实验模拟研究

海洋碳循环是全球变化研究中的重要领域,它不仅在很大程度上决定了全球气温乃至全球气候的变化趋势,而且还是海洋生态系持续发展的基础,它决定着了海洋生态环境变化的走向。众所周知，碳(C)在海洋中以无机态和有机态的形式存在,在海气系统中,大于98%的C以溶解无机碳(DIC)形式存在于水体中(Zeebe et al,2001)其对海洋碳循环的影响至关重要。 氮(N)和磷(P)等营养盐对维持海洋生态系的正常运转起着至关重要的作用。但是，由于近年来人类生产、生活污水的排放以及滩涂和沿岸水域养殖区的长期施肥,它们也作为近岸海区的主要污染物而导致近海海洋生态环境的日益恶化,影响并改变了一些海域的生态结构。如在胶州湾,由于营养盐浓度及结构发生了变化导致该湾地区浮游植物数量和优势种组成的变化(沈志良,2002)近年来,在海洋沿岸带的河口、海湾等水体较浅的透光层内,以孔石莼等绿藻为主要代表的大型海藻开始泛滥,形成大型海藻的水华。海洋生态环境的改变,必然将导致海洋碳循环的变化,从长时间尺度来看也会影响到全球的气候和气温变化。目前,对营养盐与水生藻类之间的响应关系研究已有大量的报道(王勇等,2002；刘媛等，2004；张文俊等，2004)但对于营养盐与海水无机碳体系之间的耦合作用报道甚少。在海洋环境中、C N P作为主要的生源要素,其变化相互影响,并与海水中所存有的海洋生物密切相关。探讨海水中C-N-P的相互耦合关系对于研究海洋生态环境演变过程及效应,阐明海洋碳循环过程的深层次机理,揭示在过量N P作用富营养化条件下,C的迁移转化行为有重要的科学意义和实际价值。本文作者初步研究了模拟条件下C-N-P的相互关系。