川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响

四川盆地南部地区广泛发育下古生界寒武系、志留系等多套海相页岩层,其中龙马溪组是该区页岩气勘探开发的重点目标层。根据钻井岩心资料,通过有机碳、热解、碳同位素、等温吸附等地球化学实验分析,对川南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩的有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机碳含量较高(平均1.53%),有机质类型较好(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型),热演化程度高(Ro为1.94%~2.42%),且页岩含气量较高(平均1.85m3/t)。页岩有机质特征是影响页岩含气量的主要因素,有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度三者共同决定了川南地区龙马溪组页岩的含气量。     

“平、剖面三维联动编辑”的实现途径

基于对平、剖面三维联动编辑的概念、动因的探讨及相关研究成果的认识,提出了平、剖面三维联动编辑的几何原理与实现途径,如:地质曲面的表达、基于等高线的曲面构建、剖面图的构建、以及平面图与剖面图的联动修改方法。并对三维地质建模的需求、矿产资源勘探应提交的三维地质模型、三维地质建模的数据标准以及广义的三维联动编辑等问题进行了延伸讨论。认为平、剖面三维联动编辑可能成为三维建模软件推广应用中的"杀手级应用"。     

Evaluation of I-wall in New Orleans with back-calculated total stress soil parameters

This study back-calculated moduli and shear strength of soils in London Canal Ave., New Orleans, using full-scale load test data, and re-evaluated the behavior of the I-wall to explore how the existing levees and floodwalls may be reliably retrofitted and future levees and floodwalls may be designed. From the back-calculation, it turned out that the moduli of the field soils were mostly higher (1–12 times) than magnitudes appeared in Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force (IPET). But the shear strength of a water-glazed Marsh layer in the gap turned out to be substantially lower (0.2–0.25 times) than the magnitude appeared in IPET. This much strength reduction was confirmed by field vane shear tests: tests with artificial water infiltration into the field vane hole presented immeasurably low disturbed strength and resulted in very high sensitivity that might contributed to the failure. This study also shows that the gap development and strength reduction in the water-glazed Marsh layer are two main causes of levee failure, which have been predicted in previous research. The stiffer-than-expected moduli of underlain layers did not affect the failure mechanism of the levee substantially because these underlain layers remained elastic. Therefore, retrofitting solutions should be the ones that may prevent the gap development and to reinforce the Marsh layer.     

Variation of albedo to soil moisture for sand dunes and biological soil crusts in arid desert ecosystems

Surface albedo plays a crucial role in the energy balance of soils. The surface albedo and surface soil moisture of bare sand and biological soil crusts (BSCs) were concurrently observed on field plots of shifting sand dune and in revegetated desert ecosystems at Shapotou, northwestern China, to study relationships between surface albedo, solar elevation angle, and surface soil moisture. Results indicated that rainfall exerted a remarkable lowering effect on the variation of surface albedo by increasing surface soil moisture. Surface albedo was an exponential function of solar elevation angle, and the normalized surface albedo (solar elevation angle effect was removed) decreased exponentially with the increase of surface soil moisture. Sand surface had a higher albedo (0.266) than BSCs (0.226) when the surfaces were very dry. However, sand surface albedo became increasingly lower than that of BSCs when the surfaces were in wet conditions and when the soil moisture exceeded a critical value. The changes in soil surface albedo from sand dune to BSCs after revegetation in shallow soil profiles associated with the variation of the surface soil moisture can be seen as an indicator of the degree of sand dune stabilization when compared with the original shifting sand dune soil.     

Availability of coastal groundwater discharge as an alternative water resource in a large-scale reclaimed land,Korea

This study was conducted to identify the availability of coastal groundwater discharge (CGD), subsurface fluids flowing from inland through the coastal area to sea, as an alternative water resource for a large-scale reclaimed land. The behaviors of stable isotopes indicated that groundwater originated from inland precipitation and traveled as CGD along the coast line. Most of the groundwater samples collected from domestic wells installed along the old coast line were considered to be relatively fresh from the correlation analysis among chemical constituents. The average electrical conductivity (EC) values of the samples were identified as averaging 1,125–1,297 μS cm^?1, corresponding to appropriate crop growth. A weathered-rock layer in a small catchment within the reclaimed land was proved to be a main CGD pathway, with electrical resistivity anomalies ranging from 7 to 14 Ω m. Five monitoring wells were placed in this catchment to delineate the occurrence of CGD. Long-term vertical EC profiling results for the monitoring wells indicated that CGD occurs within a depth of 30 m below the ground surface. Annual monitoring data for groundwater level and EC demonstrated that the water quality of CGD was improved by introducing fresh terrestrial groundwater. A remarkable improvement in water quality (EC decrease of 900–1,600 μS cm^?1) of CGD was observed during the saline water pumping test that explains how CGD could be an alternative water resource for the reclaimed land.     

Reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of oil sand in Houba area,northwestern Sichuan Basin,China

Houba oil sand in frontier Longmenshan Mountain is one of the most typically important unconventional resources. The basic reservoir characteristics of oil sand and the main factors affecting reservoir quality were examined in this article based on porosity, permeability, and mercury porosimetry measurements; thin section analyses; SEM observation; and X-ray diffraction analysis. This study shows that the oil-bearing sandstone reservoir is mainly medium?coarse-grained sublitharenite and litharenite. The main pore type is intergranular pores, including residual primary intergranular pores, dissolved intergranular pores, and dissolved intragranular pores; fractures are common in this study area. The quality of sandstone reservoir is of high porosity and high permeability with a high oil saturation of 89.84 %. It is indicated that the main controlling factors of the reservoir in the study area include deposition, diagenesis, and tectonism. Deposition laid a foundation to porosity evolution, and channel sand is the most favorable depositional facies for the reservoir. Diagenetic alterations are the keys to reservoir evolution; dissolution and chlorite coatings cementation play an effective role in the generation and preservation of pores. Compaction, carbonate cementation, and quartz overgrowth cause many damages to the reservoir porosity. Fractures caused by structural breakages can improve the reservoir permeability and they also can provide fluid migration pathways to the late corrosion, which formed a lot of corroded fissures as reservoir and percolation spaces.     

内蒙古卓资县大苏计斑岩型钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及流体包裹体研究

内蒙古卓资县大苏计钼矿床位于华北克拉通北缘中段的凉城断隆内,是近年来在华北克拉通北缘发现的一个大型斑岩钼矿床,矿体主要产于印支期石英斑岩和正长花岗斑岩中。成矿过程可以划分为石英_钾长石_黄铁矿±辉钼矿±磁铁矿阶段(早阶段)、石英_绢云母_辉钼矿_黄铁矿阶段(中阶段)和石英_方解石_黄铁矿±闪锌矿±方铅矿阶段(晚阶段)。矿石中5件辉钼矿的Re_Os同位素模式年龄介于(223.6±3.1)Ma~(224.2±3.4)Ma之间,其加权平均值为(223.9±1.4)Ma(MSWD=0.017),等时线年龄为(223.5±5.5)Ma(MSWD=0.026),表明大苏计钼矿床形成于印支期。大苏计钼矿床发育富液型、富气型、H2O_CO2型、含子矿物型和纯气相包裹体。成矿早阶段主要发育富液型、富气型包裹体,另有少量H2O_CO2型包裹体,其均一温度介于342~430℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于3.4%~11.0%之间;中阶段主要发育富液型、富气型、H2O_CO2型和含子矿物型包裹体,另有少量纯气相包裹体,其均一温度为234~380℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于6.2%~34.9%之间;晚阶段仅发育富液型包裹体,其均一温度介于202~280℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于1.2%~11.7%之间,指示该阶段有大气降水的加入。成矿流体从早、中阶段的H2O_Na Cl_CO2体系演化为晚阶段的H2O_Na Cl体系。早、中阶段流体均为不混溶流体,流体沸腾是成矿物质沉淀的主要机制。集宁地区钼矿床主要为斑岩型,至少存在晚三叠世和晚侏罗世2期钼成矿事件。     

Investigation of karst hydrological processes by using grey auto-incidence analysis

The karst hydrological processes are the response of karst groundwater system to precipitation. The precipitation penetrates through the vadose zone, the subsequent groundwater pressure wave propagates to a spring outlet, and then, the spring discharge changes. This paper proposes a grey auto-incidence analysis for studying the karst hydrological processes. The method can detect the periodicity of a time series, for example, precipitation and spring discharge. Then the approach is applied to Liulin Springs Basin, China. The results show that the auto-incidence degree of precipitation reaches to the maximum (i.e., 0.816) when time delay equals to 8 years. The auto-incidence degree of spring discharge reaches to the maximum (i.e., 0.865) when time delay equals to 3 years. These results show that the periodicity of precipitation is 8 years, and of spring discharge is 3 years. The difference of periodicity between the precipitation and the spring discharge reveals that the processes of precipitation recharging groundwater and groundwater transport are regulated or controlled by karst aquifer. Because of heterogeneity of karst aquifer, the quick flow and base flow occur during the groundwater propagation, which causes the periodicity of spring discharge is not coincidence with of precipitation.     

On improving tropical cyclone track forecasts using a scale-selective data assimilation approach: a case study

A dynamical downscaling approach based on scale-selective data assimilation (SSDA) is applied to tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts. The results from a case study of super Typhoon Megi (2010) show that the SSDA approach is very effective in improving the TC track forecasts by fitting the large-scale wind field from the regional model to that from the global forecast system (GFS) forecasts while allowing the small-scale circulation to develop freely in the regional model. A comparison to the conventional spectral-nudging four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) indicates that the SSDA approach outperforms the FDDA in TC track forecasts because the former allows the small-scale features in a regional model to develop more freely than the latter due to different techniques used. In addition, a number of numerical experiments are performed to investigate the sensitivity of SSDA’s effect in TC track forecasts to some parameters in SSDA, including the cutoff wave number, the vertical layers of the atmosphere being adjusted, and the interval of SSDA implementation. The results show that the improvements are sensitive in different extent to the above three parameters.     

声波测试法在判别地下厂房EDZ中的应用

洞室开挖不可避免地会损伤岩体, 对于规模巨大、布置异常复杂的水电地下厂房围岩尤甚, 合理地确定开控损伤区(EDZ)分布成为地下洞室的信息化设计、施工和安全运营的关键性问题.在引入EDZ概念及强EDZ、弱EDZ和基本未损区分区的基础上, 提出采用声波测试方法来确定强EDZ和弱EDZ的分布.将声波波速-深度曲线划分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型等3种曲线类型, 根据曲线特征点, 对EDZ进行定性、半定量的初判.根据波速计算得出的损伤因子D, 对强、弱EDZ和基本未损区进行定量的判别.首次提出的基于声波测试法, 定性、半定量和定量相结合的综合研判法具有创新性, 为客观评价地下洞室EDZ提供了科学的方法.