Zusammenhang zwischen Fehlordnungsgrad und Bildungstemperatur bei synthetischen Cristobaliten

By hydrothermal hydrolysis of silicium nitride cristobalite with different degrees of disorder was formed metastably in the stability range of quartz. The synthesis conditions were 2 kbars \(P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\) , temperatures between 200 and 610° C, and run durations of two days. Differential thermal analysis was applied to investigate order-disorder phenomena in the newly formed phases, since it turned out to be most sensitive to disorder effects; the results have been corroborated by infraredspectroscopic, electron optical, and X-ray investigations as well. In the DTA curve the degree of disorder of cristobalite can be recognized by four characteristic features: 1. the temperature of inversion (t _i) from tetragonal (low-) to cubic (high-) cristobalite, 2. the width of the inversion temperature interval, 3. the shape of the inversion peak, and 4. the hysteresis between (t _i) measured during heating and subsequent cooling. With increasing order, (t _i) and the sharpness of the peak increase, whereas the inversion temperature interval decreases. The heating-cooling hysteresis, which is negative in poorly ordered crystals, becomes increasingly positive with improving degree of order. All the different methods of investigation have shown that the degree of order increases with increasing synthesis temperature if all other conditions are kept constant. The relatively low temperatures of formation can be understood as a consequence of high SiO₂ supersaturations due to the rapid decay of Si₃N₄ under hydrous conditions. Substitution of NH ₄ ⁺ ions in cristobalite which might behave like alkali ions has not been observed.     

Zur Charakterisierung suspendierter Wasserinhaltsstoffe. Teil 1: Analytische Methoden

Über Möglichkeiten zur Charakterisierung von suspendierten Inhaltstoffen in Oberflächenwässern wird berichtet. Die Kenntnis der Rohwnsserbeschaffenheit, die neben der Konzentrationsangabe Aussagen über Art und Eigenschaften der Partikel einschließt, ist eine Voraussetzung für die Verbesserung der Bemessungsgrundlagen und den optimalen Betrieb von Wasseraufbereitungsanlagen. Es werden Analysenmethoden zur Erfassung des Feststoffgehaltes ausgewählt, die regelmäßig im Betriebslaboratorium durchführbar sind (z. B. Trübung, Zentrifugationswert). Geeignete Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung der Partikeleigenschaften wie granulometrische, mikroskopische, röntgen- und differentialthermoanalytische Methoden werden diskutiert.     

Shocked molecular hydrogen in the LkHα234 region

We present near-IR images of the shocked gas in in HH 167 (the LkH234 jet) and HH 103. The H₂ 1-0 S(1) (2.122µm) and the 1.644µm [FeII] lines were observed. The relative spatial distribution of these two lines provides some insight into the nature of the shocks producing the objects.     

He,Ne and Ar in chondritic NiFe as irradiation hardness sensors

Noble gas analyses of the Ni-Fe of 9 L, 5 H and 2 LL chondrites quantitatively support previous suggestions of radiogenic ⁴He recoil and ³He deficits. Furthermore, noble gases in the Ni-Fe show evidence for in situ produced radiogenic ⁴He and in some cases for recoil loss of ³⁸Ar and gain of ²¹Ne.The ratio of spallogenic ²¹Ne and ³⁸Ar in the metal phase is found to correlate strongly with ³He/²¹Ne and ²²Ne/²¹Ne in bulk samples of these chondrites. This is proof of the dependence of these ratios on the irradiation hardness experienced by the meteoroid in space. ‘Hardness indices’ n = 1.9–2.2 are found, indicating that on the average the stone meteoroids from which the samples came were smaller in mass than iron meteoroids. The spallogenic ²¹Ne/³⁸Ar ratio in metallic Ni-Fe can be used with the semi-empirical production model deduced from the Grant iron meteorite to calibrate spallogenic ³He/²¹Ne and ⁴Ne/²¹Ne in bulk samples of L, LL and H chondrites for meteoroid size and sample location allowing the estimation of minimal meteoroid masses. ³He and ²¹Ne production rates calculated from previously determined ³⁶Ar/³⁸Ar exposure ages for four L chondrites indicate that they are probably not single-valued functions of the ³He/²¹Ne ratio. The ratio of ³He in bulk samples to ³⁸Ar in metal samples of the same meteorite is constant (= 20 ± 3) whereas the ratio of ²¹Ne in the bulk to ³⁸Ar in the metal varies by as much as a factor of two in correlation with ³He/²¹Ne.     

Emplacement conditions of igneous dikes in Ethiopian Traps

The emplacement conditions for 39 igneous dikes cutting basalts in northwestern Ethiopia are evaluated by analyzing their displacement–length scaling relations. Maximum opening displacements and lengths of the dikes demonstrate displacement–length scaling of the form D_max = 0.088L^0.48, consistent with other populations of dikes and veins and different than the power-law scaling relation typically found for faults. The dikes propagated through the thin Trap basalt sequence under conditions of constant fracture toughness, with values corrected for three-dimensional dike geometry of ~ 77–273 MPa m^1/2. The large values of fracture toughness are likely associated with (1) the toughening effects of near-tip damage, (2) mixed-mode dike propagation, as shown by magma flow fabric analysis through anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and image analysis of thin sections, and (3) elevated temperature within the blocky and ductile basaltic host rock, evidence of which has been found in the field.