Radar and sodar probing of waves and turbulence in statically stable clear-air layers

This paper reviews the remote sensing of waves and turbulence in statically stable atmospheric layers, utilizing sodar and microwave radar echoes from the small-scale inhomogeneities in gaseous refractive index caused by localized fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and velocity. Scattering theory and sounding methodology are reviewed briefly, and the relative performance of typical radar and sodar systems compared. The main section of the paper takes the form of a summary and discussion of experimental progress since 1969, showing how the echo patterns obtained may be applied to the interpretation of multiple layering, gravity waves, internal fronts and the details of dynamic instability and the genesis of turbulence in stably stratified shear layers. In addition, methods for the measurement of the intensity of the small-scale ( /2) variability of wind, temperature and water vapor from the observed radar or sodar echo intensities, and the use of Doppler techniques for the measurement of mean velocity and turbulence are discussed.SODAR from SOund Detection And Ranging in analogy to RAdio Detection And Ranging.     

Magnetites from a sulphide bearing iron ore formation in Sweden

Magnetite coexisting with sulphides from an iron ore formation in northern Sweden has been investigated with micro-probe and X-ray methods. The Mg/Mg + Fe ratio in magnetite can be correlated with the presence or absence of coexisting pyrite, indicating varying sulphur pressure in the rocks. Sulphurization of magnetite is assumed to be responsible for the introduction of Mg into the magnetite structure.

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Zusammenfassung Magnetit aus einem Eisenerz Nordschwedens, der zusammen mit Eisensulfiden vorkommt, wurde mittels Elektronen-Mikrosonde und Röntgenbeugung untersucht. Das Mg/Mg + Fe Verhältnis des Magnetits wurde zu der Anwesenheit oder dem Fehlen von Pyrit in Beziehung gesetzt. Es zeigt sich, daß unterschiedliche Schwefeldampfdrucke in den Gesteinen geherrscht haben müssen. Die Sulfidisierung des Magnetits wird für den Einbau des Mg in die Magnetit-Struktur verantwortlich gemacht.

     

Direct-coupled thermocouple amplifiers for measurements in geophysics and meteorology

Summary Following a brief discussion of known methods of electronic amplification, this paper describes new thermocouple amplifiers using junction-type transistors, and their theoretical and practical design. The apparatus amplify a thermocouple voltage or other input signals of any impedance such that an ordinary pointer-type galvanometer or recorder can be used as indicator. The problem of temperature compensation has also been dealt with. Details of two transistor amplifiers are given as examples. In conclusion geophysical applications are mentioned.

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Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Behandlung bekannter elektronischer Verstärkungsmethoden beschreibt diese Arbeit neuartige Thermoelementverstärker mit Schichttransistoren und ihre theoretische und praktische Konstruktion. Die Geräte verstärken eine Thermoelementspannung oder andere Eingangssignale irgendeiner Impedanz, sodass ein normales Zeigergalvanometer oder Registriergerät als Anzeigegerät benutzt werden kann. Ausserdem wird die Frage der Temperaturkompensation behandelt. Einzelheiten von zwei Transistorverstärkern werden als Beispiele eingehend beschrieben. Abschliessend werden geophysikalische Anwendungen erwähnt.

     

Vorschlag zur Änderung der Neumannschen KonstantenC bei der Berechnung der Wellenhöhe aus der Windstärke

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Auffassung vertreten, daß die KonstanteC in den Gleichungen 1, 2, 3 und 4 wesentlich niedriger sein muß als nach dem Ansatz von G. Neumann [1953].

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Proposal to alter the constantC alter Neumann when calculating the wave height from the windforce

Summary The opinion is held that the value attributed to the constantC in the formulae 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this paper may be considerably lower than that assumed according to G. Neumann's [1953] conception.

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Proposition de changer la constanteC de Neumann lorsqu'on veut dériver de la force du vent la hauteur des vagues

Résumé Ce travail soutient l'opinion que la valeur attribuée à la constanteC dans les formules 1, 2, 3 et 4 de cet article devrait être beaucoup plus basse que celle présumée suivant la conception de G. Neumann [1953].

     

Fugacity control and dissociation constants of HBr and HI

Two new hydrothermal acid-base buffers have been developed and calibrated. The Ag+AgBr and the Ag+AgI buffers in conjunction with an external hydrogen buffer control the fugacities of HBr and HI respectively at the pressure and temperature of the experiment. Both buffers are much less acid than the Ag+AgCl buffer of Frantz and Eugster (1973). For corresponding conditions, the molalities of HBr and HI are one and three orders of magnitudes smaller respectively than the molality of HC1.Both buffers have been calibrated using quench bromide, iodide and pH measurements. At higher temperatures HBr and HI are apparently not dissociated and the measured molalities agree closely with those calculated from thermochemical data. At lower temperatures the degree of dissociation increases greatly, and dissociation constants for HBr and HI at P and T have been calculated from the data.The Ag+AgBr and Ag+AgI buffers have been tested by measuring constants for the quartz-talc reaction in H-O-Br and H-O-I solutions respectively. These constants in conjunction with available thermochemical data can be used to calculate the free energies of formation for MgBr₂ and MgI₂.The Ag+AgBr and Ag+AgI buffers extend the pH range towards neutral solutions over which acid-base reactions in supercritical fluids can now be measured. This allows the use of less concentrated solutions and of minerals which are not stable in acid solutions.     

Petrology and geochemistry of plagiogranite in the Canyon Mountain ophiolite,Oregon

Plagiogranites in the Canyon Mountain ophiolite, Oregon, include a wide range of rock types ranging from diorite to trondhjemite. The plagiogranites are mostly concentrated as an intrusive sill swarm at the top of a section of gabbroic cumulates. The plagiogranites are typically low in K₂O and high in Na₂O, and are enriched 10–20 times chondrites in REE, and overlap with abundances in basic rocks from Canyon Mountain. All samples of plagiogranite are relatively depleted in LREE, with more silicic samples characterized by a slightly lesser degree of LREE depletion. Total REE content is not consistently correlated with contents of major and other trace elements. Fractional crystallization of basaltic magma may give rise to plagiogranites; however this model applied to Canyon Mountain plagiogranites is discounted because of the significant volume of plagiogranites relative to basic rocks, and the complete overlap of REE abundances of the basic rocks and the plagiogranites. The latter is also a major reason for rejecting the hypothesis of silicate liquid immiscibility in the generation of the plagiogranites. Field observations coupled with major-element and trace element chemistry lend support to a model by which the plagiogranites were produced by partial melting of basic rocks under hydrous conditions. REE data for the plagiogranites were used in calculations to delimit source REE contents. Relevant parameters in the calculations were estimated from experimentally determined phase relations of basalt under hydrous conditions. The resulting calculated source patterns are similar to those of basic rocks in ophiolites and oceanic settings, and suggest boundary conditions for the model. Partial melting as suggested for the Canyon Mountain plagiogranites probably occurred at relatively shallow depths (i.e., total pressures less than 5 kb).