南海边缘海多金属结核与大洋多金属结核对比

本文通过系统对比分析前人研究成果,研究了南海边缘海多金属结核的成矿特征,结果表明：南海边缘海结核的矿物组成与大洋结核相似,均主要由锰相矿物和铁相矿物组成,其中锰相矿物主要为水羟锰矿和钡镁锰矿,铁相矿物主要以无定型铁氧化/氢氧化物形式存在,另外南海边缘海结核中含有大量硅酸盐矿物,表明在南海结核成矿过程中受到大量的陆源碎屑矿物混杂;相对于大洋主要经济成矿区的多金属结核,南海边缘海多金属结核中主要的经济元素如Mn、Cu、Co、Ni和Zn质量分数较低,而亲陆源性元素如Fe、Ti、P、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sc、Ta、Sr、Th和REY（REE和Y）等质量分数较高;南海边缘海多金属结核的元素地球化学特征和REE配分模式显示其为水成成因,并呈现更低的Mn/Fe值;同时南海边缘海结核也具有较快的平均生长速率及较高的δCe正异常,表明其生长在更为氧化的海水环境。虽然较快的沉积物沉积速率和动荡的海水环境影响了南海边缘海结核的成矿,但大量陆源物质进入海洋也为南海边缘海结核提供了丰富的成矿物质来源,便于南海边缘海结核的快速生长成矿。南海边缘海结核富集有Fe、Ti、Pb、Rb、Th和REY等金属元素,同样可以作为极具潜力的海洋矿产资源。南海边缘海多金属结核具有其独特的地球化学特征,与大洋多金属结核存在着明显差异。     

基于决策树特征提取的支持向量机在岩性分类中的应用

由于支持向量机属于黑箱模型,因此在进行模型学习时无法直接对特征进行选择,而决策树模型在递归创建的过程中自身具有一定的特征选择能力。针对岩性分类问题,本文将决策树和支持向量机结合,通过决策树的建立,在考虑特征重要性的前提下,利用树节点的高度对特征进行提取,并将具有更高分类能力的特征送入支持向量机进行岩性分类。结果表明:通过决策树的特征提取,减少了支持向量机模型的输入特征,从而有效控制了模型的复杂度,使得模型更加稳定并具有更高的分类精度,测试集精度能够提升10%以上。     

Degrading river network due to urbanization in Yangtze River Delta

Evolution of river systems under the background of human activities has been a heated topic among geographers and hydrologists. Spatial and temporal variations of river systems during the 1960s–2010s in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) were investigated based on streams derived from the topographic maps in the 1960s, 1980s and 2010s. A list of indices, drainage density (Dd), water surface ratio (WSR), ratio of area to length of main streams (R), evolution coefficient of tributaries (K) and box dimension (D), were classified into three types (quantitative, structural, and complex indices) and used to quantify the variations of stream structure. Results showed that: (1) quantitative indices (Dd, WSR) presented decreasing trend in the past 50 years, and Dd in Wuchengxiyu, Hangjiahu and Yindongnan have decreased most, about 20%. Structurally, the Qinhuai River basin was characterized by significant upward R, and K value in Hangjiahu went down dramatically by 46.8% during the 1960s–2010s. Decreasing tendency in D was found dominating across the YRD, and decreasing magnitude in Wuchengxiyu and Hangjiahu peaks for 7.8% and 6.5%, respectively in the YRD. (2) Urbanization affected the spatial pattern of river system, and areas with high level of urbanization exhibited least Dd (2.18 km/km²), WSR (6.52%), K (2.64) and D (1.42), compared to moderate and low levels of urbanization. (3) Urbanization also affected the evolution of stream system. In the past 50 years, areas with high level of urbanization showed compelling decreasing tendency in quantitative (27.2% and 19.3%) and complex indices (4.9%) and trend of enlarging of main rivers (4.5% and 7.9% in periods of the 1960s–1980s and the 1980s–2010s). In the recent 30 years, areas with low level of urbanization were detected with significant downward trend in Dd and K. (4) Expanding of urban land, construction of hydraulic engineering and irrigation and water conservancy activities were the main means which degraded the river system in the YRD.     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹顶冰芯数学模式初步断代

冰芯钻取后，样品截取原则和环境记录的初步解释要求对年代－深度剖面有一初步了解，即要求建立冰体随深度变化的时间尺度。根据柯林斯冰帽一年多野外实测资料所揭示的小冰穹运动状况、温度分布、物质平衡和动力学特征，本文采用Ｄａｎｓｇａｒｒｄ－Ｊｏｈｎｓｅｎ模型和等温冰体流动模型（ｎ＝３），分别对一支８０．２ｍ冰芯的时间尺度进行初步估算。结果表明两种模型断代结果非常接近，在距冰床１０ｍ深度处，两模型分别给出１８９７年和１８５４年的冰龄。对比指出两种模型计算出的冰帽各深度冰龄最大误差不大于２％。与冰芯中上部含深褐色火山灰冰层的历史记录年代相比误差小于３％。     

天山-兴蒙造山带主要钼矿床Re-Os定年和地质意义

天山-兴蒙钼矿带是中亚成矿域的重要组成部分,该成矿带主要呈近东西向分布;本文通过对天山-兴蒙钼矿带4个典型矿床Re-Os同位素精确定年,结合前人区域动力学背景的研究,揭示天山-兴蒙造山带钼矿床的成矿作用主要与岩浆侵入形成的花岗岩热液作用有关,并识别出兴蒙造山带3期岩浆活动、钼成矿作用和构造热事件;Re-Os定年结果揭示出晚古生代铜-钼矿床与俯冲-增生作用有关,三叠纪钼的成矿形成于西伯利亚板块与塔里木-华北克拉通碰撞背景下,而侏罗纪-早白垩世的钼成矿作用与古太平洋板块西向俯冲作用有关。     

Geochronology and geochemistry of the Hekoulinchang Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit (73240 t) in Heilongjiang Province,China

The Hekoulinchang Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit(20000 t Sn at 0.27%,236 t Ag at 122.89 g/t,15000 t Pb at 0.84%,and 38000 t Zn at 1.43%)is located in the Wandashan Terrane of the easternmost segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The timing of Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic mineralization remains unclear due to a lack of precise isotope dating directly conducted on ore minerals.The authors herein report that the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of cassiterite and zircon from the granite porphyry in the Hekoulinchang Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit are 101.4±7.9 Ma and 115.4±1.0 Ma,respectively,indicating that Sn mineralization and magmatism occurred during the Early Cretaceous.The granite porphyry belongs to the subalkaline series peraluminous I-type granites that are depleted in Nb,Ta,and Ti and enriched in Rb,Th,U,and Pb.TheεHf(t)values of the granite porphyry range from 0.9 to 7.4,with an average of about 5.6 and two-stage model ages(T_DM2)of 705–1116 Ma,with an average age of 819 Ma.The ε_Nd(t)values of the apatites are–1.60–0.45,with an average of–0.9,and two-stage model ages(T_DM2)of 872–1040 Ma,with an average age of 983 Ma.The Nd-Hf isotope data indicate that the magma may have been derived from the partial melting of juvenile crustal material.     

华北地区下古生界沉积相和层序地层分析

运用沉积学和层序地层学研究方法，结合生物地层学，在古地理格局演化和海平面变化分析的基础上，对华北地区下古生界进行沉积相划分和层序地层研究，将下古生界划分为两个超层序和１２个三级层序．各层序主要或基本由海侵体系域及高水位体系域组成．两个超层序最底部的层序为Ⅰ型层序，其顶底界面为Ⅰ类层序界面（ＳＢ１），其余的层序均为Ⅱ型层序，其顶底界面为Ⅱ类层序界面（ＳＢ２）边界     

桐柏山L构造岩的构造特征与形成环境探讨

桐柏山太白顶、殷店和天河口一带,发育有大量的L构造岩,拉伸线理极其发育,面理较弱,线理产状向南东东倾伏,倾伏角为1°～20°。桐柏山L构造岩具有以下主要特征：在三维空间上,L构造岩强烈发育杆状构造,这种“杆”状构造是由大量沿X轴方向定向排列连在一起的椭球体矿物构成的,其变形机制主要为石英的颗粒边界迁移和长石的位错蠕变,形成的平均压力为0.59GPa,平均温度为550 ℃～600 ℃,形成于中-高温-中压环境,变质相为高绿片岩相到低角闪岩相,形成深度大致在15～20 km,属于中地壳的产物。L构造岩在桐柏山的发现可能反映了桐柏山造山带中桐柏杂岩岩块相对两侧榴辉岩岩片具有近东西向挤出构造的特征。     

极地深部冰层取心钻探孔壁水压致裂研究

为了维护极地深部冰层取心钻探工作中钻孔的稳定,避免孔内事故的发生,冰层孔壁的水压致裂问题是亟待解决的重要科学问题之一。本文在深入分析国内外冰层钻探资料的基础上,结合冰盖动力学相关理论,计算得出了钻孔所在区域冰层的密度、温度及内部应力随深度的变化规律。在此基础上,结合油气资源勘探水力压裂技术与冰层钻进钻井液等相关理论,建立了合理的孔壁压差计算方法,深入探讨了适用于深部冰层钻探孔壁水压致裂机理。研制了冰层钻孔水压致裂模拟实验装置,可分析研究不同围压条件下冰样的脆性变形机理。结合我国Dome A深冰心钻探工程实际,提出钻孔可能发生水压致裂的深度区域及孔壁所需的起始裂纹长度判定,以期为后续的安全高效冰层钻进提供重要的理论依据。     

鄂西北构家河金矿床成矿流体特征

构家河金矿床位于南秦岭武当山西缘,产于绢云绿泥石英片岩和变石英砂岩之中,受韧性滑脱剪切构造带控制。矿化类型主要有破碎带蚀变岩型和石英脉型,其中前者形成了破碎带蚀变岩型主矿体,呈似层状或透镜状分布于近南北向断裂中,次矿体分布在北西和北东向次级断裂中,为石英脉型矿体。成矿作用包括3个阶段:石英-硫化物阶段、石英-硫化物-金银矿化阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段。对主矿体石英-硫化物-金银矿化阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段的流体包裹体进行了显微观察和测温,同时对不同阶段的石英和方解石、白云石等进行了D、O、C同位素测试。结果显示,包裹体以原生气液两相包裹体为主,且主要为富液相包裹体;石英-硫化物-金银矿化阶段包裹体均一温度集中于180~270℃,峰值为220℃,盐度和密度分别为1.40%~14.46%和0.60~0.97g/cm~3;石英-碳酸盐阶段均一温度峰值为170℃,盐度和密度分别为1.34%~7.31%和0.86~0.96g/cm~3;石英-硫化物-金银矿化阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段石英的δD_(v-SMOW)值分别为-93.3%~70.9‰和-91.6%‰~-67.2‰,δ~(18)O_(v-SMOW)值为12.9‰~14.5‰和11.9‰~13.8‰;方解石和白云石的δ~(13)C_(V.PDB)值为-12.4‰~-12.0‰,δ~(18)O_(v-PDB)值为-18.4‰~-18.1‰。成矿流体特征显示该矿床初始成矿流体为中温、低盐度的变质热液,再结合区域成矿地质与成矿构造背景,认为构家河金矿为造山型金矿床。