龙门山地区历史强震数值模拟

考虑区域地质构造差异、主要活动断裂分布特征和地表附加重力影响,建立反映龙门山地区地表起伏和岩石圈分层的三维粘弹性有限元模型。以GPS为约束重建研究区现今构造应力场,依次模拟龙门山地区1900年以来发生的5次M_S 7.0以上地震,从库仑应力和等效应力角度,分析应力场演化对强震的影响以及强震间的相互作用关系。研究结果表明:从库仑应力角度,有3次地震对后续地震有促进作用,其中汶川地震对芦山地震有触发作用;从等效应力角度,有4次地震对后续地震的发生具有加速作用。     

Research on wind-induced responses of a large-scale membrane structure

The wind-induced responses of a large-scale membrane structure, Expo Boulevard, are evaluated in this study. To obtain the wind pressure distribution on the roof surface, a wind tunnel test is performed. A brief analysis of wind pressure on the membrane roof is conducted first and then an analysis of the wind-induced responses of the structure is carried out using a numerical integral method in the time domain. In the process of calculation, the geometrical nonlinearity is taken into account. Results indicate that mean, RSM and peak values of the structure responses increase nonlinearly while the approaching flow velocity increases. Strong nonlinear characteristics are observed in the displacement responses, whereas the responses of nodal stress and cable axial force show minimal nonlinear properties when the membrane structure is subjected to wind loads. Different values of the damping ratio only have a minimal impact on the RSM response of the structure because the background component is a dominant part of the total dynamic response and the resonant component is too small. As the damping ratio increases from 0.02 to 0.05, the RMS responses of vertical displacement, nodal stress and cable axial force decrease by 8.1%, 6.7% and 17.9%, respectively. Since the mean component plays a significant role in the wind-induced response, the values of the gust response factor are not high for Expo Boulevard.     

面向防震减灾的人口数据空间化研究——以2007年宁洱地震灾区为例

入口是地震灾害的重要受灾体,准确的入口空问分布信息是防震减灾工作的重要依据.本文借助地理信息系统,将人口统计数据与高分辨率遥感数据相结合,应用基于居民地的人口数据空间化方法,模拟人口空间分布.首先根据城市人口—面积异速生长模型的分形几何意义,推导出城乡人口一面积统一模型;进而以2007年宁洱地震灾区为例,在建立居民地分类体系和遥感解译标志的基础上,目视解译获得准确的居民地信息;最后应用城乡人口—面积统一模型获得网格人口密度矢量数据.经检验,本文的结果达到了较高的精度.同时在人口数据空间化完成的基础上,以地震受灾人口估算为例,探讨了人口数据空间化在防震减灾中的应用.研究结果表明,基于网格人口矢量数据的受灾人口估算结果更能客观反映地震灾情,可以为防震减灾和应急救援工作提供可靠的依据.     

Massive sedimentation of fine sediment with organic matter and enhanced benthic-pelagic coupling by an artificial dyke in semi-enclosed Chonsu Bay, Korea

To assess the impact of an artificial dyke in Chonsu Bay (CBD) on the organic carbon (C(org)) cycle, we measured excess (210)Pb activities, C(org) and nitrogen content in sediment cores. The C(org) oxidation rates (C(ox)) on the surface sediment and benthic nutrient fluxes were also quantified with an in situ benthic chamber. The higher excess (210)Pb inventory, C(org) and nitrogen in cores near the CBD indicated lateral transport and local, massive deposition of particulate matter due to tidal circulation altered by artificial dyke construction. The C(ox) in sediment near the CBD was about twice as high as that out of the bay, suggesting the importance of benthic remineralization of organic matter. The benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate were four to six times higher than those outside the bay, corresponding to 141% and 131% respectively, of the requirements for primary production.     

大兴安岭西侧盆地群推覆构造的地震学证据

推覆构造是一种和油气有关的重要构造形式,主要产出于造山带前陆,是挤压或压缩作用的结果,对油气的生成、储集、运移、圈闭和保存条件都有着重要的影响.研究区从漠河盆地、海拉尔盆地到二连盆地内的中生代推覆构造,组构了大兴安岭西盆地群推覆构造.本文通过对三个盆地五种推覆构造的地震学研究,将其推覆方向归结为两类：第一类由北西向南东推覆,在三个盆地中表现明显;第二类由南东向北西推覆,在海拉尔盆地和二连盆地内有显示.认为第一类推覆作用来源于蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋自西向东的闭合;第二类推覆作用来源于太平洋板块俯冲的远程应力作用.

     

豫北地区视应力时空变化特征

利用2008年以来豫北地区49次M_L 2.5以上地震资料,通过Brune模型,结合遗传算法,反演计算得到豫北地区地震视应力范围为0.029 9 MPa—0.642 MPa,平均视应力为0.174 8 MPa,分析该区视应力时空变化特征,讨论震级和能量的关系,结果表明,豫北地区目前处于应力积累阶段,应力高值集中在聊兰断裂濮阳—鄄城段范县地区。     

Spatial Patterns of Sea Level Variability Associated with Natural Internal Climate Modes

Sea level rise (SLR) can exert significant stress on highly populated coastal societies and low-lying island countries around the world. Because of this, there is huge societal demand for improved decadal predictions and future projections of SLR, particularly on a local scale along coastlines. Regionally, sea level variations can deviate considerably from the global mean due to various geophysical processes. These include changes of ocean circulations, which partially can be attributed to natural, internal modes of variability in the complex Earth’s climate system. Anthropogenic influence may also contribute to regional sea level variations. Separating the effects of natural climate modes and anthropogenic forcing, however, remains a challenge and requires identification of the imprint of specific climate modes in observed sea level change patterns. In this paper, we review our current state of knowledge about spatial patterns of sea level variability associated with natural climate modes on interannual-to-multidecadal timescales, with particular focus on decadal-to-multidecadal variability. Relevant climate modes and our current state of understanding their associated sea level patterns and driving mechanisms are elaborated separately for the Pacific, the Indian, the Atlantic, and the Arctic and Southern Oceans. We also discuss the issues, challenges and future outlooks for understanding the regional sea level patterns associated with climate modes. Effects of these internal modes have to be taken into account in order to achieve more reliable near-term predictions and future projections of regional SLR.     

Measurement of aerosol effective density by single particle mass spectrometry

Single particle mass spectrometry has been widely used to determine the size and chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosols; however, it is still rarely used for the microphysical properties measurement. In this study, two methods were developed for determining aerosol effective density by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Method I retrieved effective density through comparison between measured light scattering intensities and Mie theoretical modelled partial scattering cross section. Method II coupled a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) with SPAMS to simultaneously determine the electric mobility and vacuum aerodynamic diameter, and thus the effective density. Polystyrene latex spheres, ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate were tested by these methods to help validate their effectiveness for determining the aerosol effective density. This study effectively extends SPAMS measurements to include particle size, chemical composition, light scattering, and effective density, and thus helps us better understand the environment and climate effects of aerosols.     

陆水水库的浮游生物及营养类型

报道了１９９１￣１９９５年对面积为１６９３ｈｍ＾２的黑龙滩水库渔业利用优化模式研究的结果,主要内容有：水生生物种类组成和现存量调查、浮游植物初级生产力测定、渔获物统计和鱼产力估算;水体理化性状和水位变化对鱼产量和浮游生物群落结构的影响,网箱养殖鲤、草鱼的高产试验结果;多功能水库生态系统的渔业利用优化模式初步探讨。经三年努力,水库鱼产量由６２２ｔ上升到１２５５．１ｔ,平均单产７５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。为     

天津平原区加油站地下水石油烃污染特征及其生物降解机理研究

加油站地下水中石油烃污染是较为普遍的现象,本文对研究区位于不同水文地质条件的加油站地下水进行取样分析,分析加油站地下水中石油烃的污染特征和地下水化学类型特征,并运用因子分析、相关性分析和多元回归分析揭示加油站地下水中石油烃潜在的生物降解机制。研究结果表明,地下水化学类型主要可划分为Cl-Na型、HCO₃-Na型、HCO₃-Ca型和SO₄-Na型4类。加油站地下水中石油烃的检出率为85.71%,检出浓度为0.020.35 mg/L。因子分析结果表明影响地下水化学组成的因素主要以水-岩相互作用和石油烃的生物降解为主。TPH与地下水化学指标间的相关关系表明:TPH与K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、Mn、Mg²⁺、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}呈现负相关的关系,与pH值、 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、 {\mathrm{NO}}_2^{-}、Ca²⁺、Fe不存在显著的相关关系。加油站地下水环境中可能存在嗜盐或耐盐微生物,导致随着盐度的升高,总石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbon,TPH)生物降解率加快,TPH浓度呈现出降低的趋势。微生物利用电子受体( {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}、Mn、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Fe)降解TPH的过程中,电子受体的贡献率为:铁还原(64.88%)>锰还原(24.86%)>硫酸根还原(5.78%)>硝酸盐还原(4.46%),即加油站地下水中铁锰还原菌的石油烃生物降解为优势反应。