图像重建的射线交切反投影法

本文详述了一种快速图像重建方法——射线交切反投影法。它吸取了代数重建算法的某些长处,但无迭代计算,简单实用,对于野外作业使用更显得方便,利用此方法,重建了实测的电磁波吸收系数图像,它比传统的阴影交汇法有更好的分辨率。     

1949～2005年海南岛登陆热带气旋的若干变化特征

利用热带气旋(TC)年鉴资料和海南岛逐日降水量资料,对海南岛57a登陆TC年频数、强度、登陆位置、活动时间、登陆维持时间、登陆TC降水量的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:在全球气候变暖背景下,海南岛登陆TC年频数有显著减少趋势,但登陆时TC的平均强度和极端强度都有增强趋势,这主要归功于南海登陆海南岛的热带低压年频数的显著减少和强热带风暴的弱增加;登陆TC具有准3a的周期,而南海登陆海南岛的TC具有准3a、准5a的周期,西太平洋登陆海南岛的TC具有准13a和准3a的周期;海南岛登陆TC的登陆点位置有南移趋势,80年代中期以来在海南岛最南端地区登陆的TC频数明显增多;登陆TC的活动时间和登陆维持时间均有弱的缩短趋势;登陆TC暴雨与登陆时TC强度成显著负相关关系而和登陆维持时间有显著正相关关系,但登陆时TC强度对暴雨的影响强于登陆维持时间;登陆TC年降水量呈减少变化趋势,其中登陆风暴和强风暴的年降水量有增多趋势,登陆热带低压和登陆台风年降水量均有减少趋势。     

中国低纬地区地磁场Z分量日变特征

根据我国低纬地区的台站资料，分析了地磁场Ｚ分量的静日变化特征，得到的主要结果是：（１）日变幅随季节和太阳黑子数的变化而变化；（２）低点出现时间大约在地方时１２时左右，并随季节有所变化；（３）最大值出现时间大约在地方时６时左右，在赤道电射流影响区其受季节的影响较大。     

3D Velocity Structure and Its Tectonic Implications in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea

3D structure of the crust and upper mantle in the studied area has been analyzed from surface wave tomography. The velocity distribution in the uppermost crust is symmetrical on two sides of the central line of the sea, and coincides with the structure of crystalline basement. The essential difference in tectonics between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea mainly lies in that the velocity structures of their lower crust and upper mantle are identical to those of South China and North China respectively. In the upper mantle there exists a high-velocity zone with a nearly EW strike from the Hangzhou Bay, China, to the Tokara Channel, Japan, along about the latitude of 30°N. It is found that between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea there are systematical differences in geomorphology, geology, seismicity, heat flow, quality factor and gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies, which is related to both left-lateral shear dislocation and right-lateral tear of the Benioff zone from the Hangzhou Bay to the Tokara Channel.It is inferred that the East China Sea was formed by Cenozoic back-arc extension. The boundary between the North China and South China crustal blocks stretches along the southern piedmont of Mts. Daba-Dabie-Hangzhou Bay-Tokara Channel, and the subduction zone at the Okinawa trench is the eastern boundary of the South China crustal block. The movements of the Pacific plate, Indian plate and upper mantle rather than the Philippine plate subduction have played a dominant role for the modern tectonic movements in East Asia.     

预警等级预报--一种新的地震预报发布形式和对策的思考

本文回顾了我国地震预报发布形式的演变过程，分析了目前发布地震预报面临困境的主要原因。在分析了其他一些灾害的预警等级预报发布形式后，对地震预警等级预报发布的可行性和应当采取的对策进行了讨论，认为地震预警等级预报的发布，是实现真正意义上地震减灾的一种可行方法。最后提出了一些实施地震预警等级预报前仍需认真研究的问题。     

日偏食对低纬地磁场的影响

１９９５年１０月２４日日偏食期间，我们在海南省琼中进行了地磁场总强度的观测和分析，同时运用该地磁台三分量磁照图，分析了地磁Ｄ场Ｄ、Ｈ、Ｚ三分量在日偏食期间的变化特征。结果表明：日偏食期间，磁偏角初亏后逐渐偏东，食甚后偏西；水平强度和总强度初亏后逐渐变小，食甚后上升；垂直强度初亏后逐渐变大，食甚后约１个小时变小。     

Isostatic status in North China (1)

Following Airy and Pratt principles, five kinds of local-compensation models are analysed and a rapid 3-D gravity formula is utilized to calculate isostatic anomalies for 66 models with different parameters. It is noted that isostatic gravity maps appear nearly identical in their main patterns and features. The optimum compensation model in North China is one of modified Airy models in which the different density distribution in the surface, upper crust and lower crust is taken into account and the standard crustal thickness is about 50km. The position of the complete compensation interface is located in the upper mantle. The North China platform as a whole is under sub-isostatic equilibrium status with an isostatic anomaly of about 18·10^?5 m/s² on an average. The distribution of isostatic gravity anomaly shows an obvious blockwise pattern. Most positive anomaly areas occur over the eastern part, the Jiao-Liao Block, Mt. Yan block and northern margin of the Hebei-Shandong block, whereas a negative area occurs in the Shanxi graben. The comparison of models indicates that the Moho discontinuity is not suitable to be taken as a compensation interface, and the compensation effects in Airy model are better than that in Pratt model, which is consistent with the feature of dominant layered structure and less lateral inhomogeneity in crust. Some results about composite compensation, the basic characteristics of isostatic anomaly and deep stucture will be published later in the second part of this paper.     

基于物理约束GRU神经网络的河流水质预测模型

河流水质预测对于水环境管理与水污染防治具有重要意义。近年来,以神经网络为代表的非机理性水质预测模型已被广泛应用于河流水质预测领域。然而,此类模型不考虑水质因子变化的物理机理,导致预测结果难以解释、稳定性差。为此,本文将水质因子变化的物理规律视为一种先验知识约束,建模于门控循环单元神经网络（Gated Recurrent Unit, GRU）之中,以河流水质预测的重要参数溶解氧为例,提出了一种物理约束的门控循环单元网络（Physics-constrained Gated Recurrent Unit, PHY_GRU）。以美国亚特兰大市2021年河流溶解氧预测为例进行实例验证,结果表明：① PHY_GRU与差分自回归移动平均模型、多层感知机和门控循环单元模型相比,预测精度和稳定性明显提升,其中预测均方根误差分别降低了94.8%,62.9%和37.2%;② 综合考虑多种物理规律约束可以提升PHY_GRU的预测精度和稳定性;③ PHY_GRU采用门控循环单元模型训练样本的30%,其预测精度和稳定性即可超过门控循环单元模型。本文提供了一种在神经网络模型中融入水质先验知识的研究思路,有助于提升水质预测模型辅助决策的水平。     

南海岩石圈破裂方式与扩张过程的三维物理模拟

南海的形成演化一直是国内外关注的热点之一.为了揭示南海的构造演化过程, 分析对比了3组物理模拟实验.实验结果表明, 断裂样式和裂谷带的走向与岩石圈的初始热流变结构密切相关.对比模拟结果与陆缘的断层样式, 推测在张裂初期, 陆坡区比陆架区具有相对热减薄的岩石圈, 从而导致不同构造位置上发育不同的裂陷特征.受下地壳和软流圈韧性流动的影响, 断层越是靠近扩张区, 倾角变得越平缓.实验揭示, 破裂首先以点状出现, 这些点不断扩大并互相连接形成连续的扩张区.共轭边缘常具有对称的形状, 向海盆方向对凹或者对凸.当离散边界附近有刚性块体时, 扩张区域的边界会明显受到地块边缘形态的影响.通过模拟实验, 推测破裂过程可能以较粘性的方式进行.西北次海盆的发育可能是沿着中-西沙地块北缘深裂陷槽破裂的结果.