Ostracodes from Recent Surface Deposits in Tibet,Response to Environmental Changes

正1 Introduction Ostracodes are good materials for studying palaeoenvironmental evolution because of their sensitive response to environment changes.At present,the environmental implications of ostracodes are mainly based     

云南大理点苍山末次冰期冰碛物石英砂扫描电镜形态特征分析

云南大理点苍山是大理冰期的命名地,保存有确切的末次冰期冰川作用遗迹.对点苍山冰碛物石英砂进行了扫描电镜形态特征分析,获得了其石英砂形态特征及其频率,并在冰川成因的典型特征的频率上取得了新的认识.扫描电镜分析表明,点苍山冰碛物石英砂形态特征主要为：石英砂形状主要为次棱角状、尖棱角状和多棱角状,边缘多可见次棱脊和棱脊磨损,表面起伏度高;机械特征主要有贝壳状断口、平行解理面、裂隙、粘附碎片、擦痕、机械V形坑;化学特征主要有蚀坑和蚀缝、蜂窝状溶蚀表面、无定形硅沉淀和硅质薄膜.在石英砂表面与冰川作用密切相关的擦痕的频率为8%～32%;粘附碎片的频率为16%～40%;裂隙的频率为12%～32%.通过对点苍山冰碛物的石英砂扫描电镜分析,得出该第四纪海洋性冰斗冰川和悬冰川的石英砂形态特征及其频率.该冰碛物石英砂原始形态特征明显,机械特征频率不高,是近源堆积的冰碛物石英砂的典型形态特征.     

西藏台错沉积记录与更新世晚期—全新世气候变化

西藏西部台错湖T1阶地的两个剖面沉积中,除下部10余厘米含碳化植物和50-70 cm处为暗色碳酸盐粘土及粘土外,中、上部全系粘土碳酸盐层,含丰富的介形类和轮藻类。据碳酸盐、介形类、轮藻类的碳、氧稳定同位素值与微体古生物群落生态特征等提供的环境气候变化指标,指示该区距今41.4~4.5 ka BP间气候变化为：在41.4~26.2 ka BP气候较湿润;26.2~25.5 ka BP偏暖稍干;25.5~22.5 ka BP气候暖湿;22.5~21.0 ka BP气候偏冷湿;20.5~17.5 ka BP气候骤冷、偏湿,反映本区处于末次冰期盛冰期;17.5~16.0 ka BP偏冷偏干;16.0~11.8 ka BP气候偏暖湿,为全球间歇性暖事件的响应;11.8~10.4 ka BP气候较冷干,大致相当于新仙女木期,10.4 ka BP气温开始回升;10.4~9.4 ka BP气候偏暖湿;9.4~8.5 ka BP气候呈现短暂暖湿颤动;8.5~7.9 ka BP气候偏干冷,为冰后期强烈降温偏干事件;7.8~6.3 ka BP气候偏暖湿;6.3~4.5 ka BP气候趋向冷干,4.5 ka BP记录到晚更新世晚期以来最大的干燥期。     

徐家围子断陷兴城地区营四段储层沉积特征研究

在对该区构造演化和沉积背景认识的基础上,经过对岩心的细致观察和描述,对岩性进行成因解释,综合利用测井、资料,对徐家围子断陷兴城开发区营城组四段地层沉积体系类型、特征及沉积体系的沉积演化规律进行分析。确定该区为扇三角洲-湖泊沉积体系,建立了相应的沉积模式,并对沉积相带与油气关系进行了分析。     

中国盐湖科学技术研究的若干进展与展望

我国拥有得天独厚的盐湖资源,分布于北半球盐湖带欧亚盐湖亚带东部,主要分布在现代降水量500mm/a的范围内。本文对中国盐湖科学技术60年来取得的若干进展进行初步梳理。1.在盐湖沉积与古气候、古环境研究方面:提出了各种盐类矿物的古气候转换指标。柴达木西部-塔里木东部氯化物型-硫酸盐型沉积区为我国第四纪以来干旱成盐中心,历经了6次以上的向外干旱(成盐)扩张期;提出青藏高原第四纪晚期存在5次泛湖高湖面;2.在盐湖成矿与成盐成钾理论研究方面:首编青藏高原湖泊水化学分带图(1/250万),揭示了青藏高原盐湖水化学类型由南往北、由碳酸盐-氯化物型分布规律及其相应成盐成矿专属性;发现几个大型陆相钾盐矿床,提出了高山深盆成盐模式、链式多级中浅盐湖成矿模式、多级湖盆深盆成盐模式、砂砾型含钾卤水成矿模式以及"隔代承袭成钾"等新认识,建立和发展了"陆相成钾"理论认识;发现青海大柴旦湖钠硼解石-柱硼镁石矿床、西藏扎仓茶卡柱硼镁石-库水硼镁石矿床、聂尔错库水硼镁石矿床等新类型镁硼酸盐(锂)矿床,进而提出冷冻稀释成硼理论新认识。3.自主研发出的"反浮选冷结晶工艺"生产氯化钾自控系统,使察尔汗盐湖钾盐达到300万吨/年KCl产量,形成了名牌钾肥产品。成功研发了罗布泊120万吨/年硫酸钾成套技术,建成世界最大的硫酸钾生产装置,2015年产量达160万吨,以上为我国钾肥生产作出了重大贡献。在自主研发的"冬储卤-冷冻-日晒-分离-盐梯度太阳池积热沉锂"创新技术支撑下,在西藏高原海拔4421米的扎布耶盐湖建成了世界海拔最高的锂盐产业,也是我国首条年产5000吨碳酸锂的盐湖提锂基地。4.根据盐水域发育大面积杜氏藻等嗜盐菌藻、盐沼带和盐碱地繁衍多种盐生植物的盐境生态特点,提出"盐湖农业"("盐土农业")农业新概念,发展盐境绿色产业提供新的理念和技术支持。最后,为今后盐类科学发展方向,提出了深绿科技与产业研发方向,随着盐类科学技术的发展,将会促进新的边缘交叉学科盐类学(Salinology)的发展和日臻完善。     

浅谈上海应对风暴潮灾害的措施

风暴潮灾害是主要海洋灾害之一,严重影响和威胁着沿海城市安全。上海积极防御和处置风暴潮灾害,经过多年探索和实践,已摸索出一些成熟的做法。为了能使各沿海城市得到借鉴,科学应对风暴潮,文章简单分析了风暴潮灾害对上海造成的影响,根据上海市近年来应对与处置风暴潮灾害的实践,从制度性、工程性、技术性3方面介绍应对风暴潮的适应性措施。这些适应性措施科学有效,保障着上海人民生命财产、城市运行、社会稳定和经济发展。通过分析介绍,期望为沿海城市抵御风暴潮灾害能提供借鉴。     

松辽盆地北部青山口组四级层序划分及界面特征

根据单井沉积旋回对比,结合地震反射特征分析,本文将青山口组划分为3个三级层序,8个四级层序.四级层序界面主要有：1）河道冲蚀底界,表现为砾石层或砂砾岩层、内碎屑泥砾、钙砾或生物成因的灰质河道滞留物,测井曲线多为钟形;2）地表暴露面,表现为根土岩、古七壤层、紫红色泥岩或杂色泥岩、岩相突变带以及钙质结核层,测井曲线多为漏斗形;3）沉积物卸载区和滨岸带,出现钙质砂岩层、介形虫层等特殊沉积,测井曲线多具指形特征.层序界面的地震响应特征有：1）近物源的上坡折区.地震波组表现为削截或冲刷充填;2）坡折带发育区,地震波组表现为上超,亦见下超和顶超;3）强振幅反射同相轴所示的上、下地层的截然差异;4）地震波阻抗反演剖面波组上、下的截然差异等.松辽盆地北部青山口组的四级层序的划分及界面识别,为进一步建证四级层序格架奠定了基础.     

滇西北金沙江小中甸盆地晚更新世的介形类及其古环境

本文研究了滇西北地区金沙江小中甸盆地两条剖面(A和B)的介形类组合特征。据地层沉积特征和介形虫分布规律,结合光释光测年数据和野外调查研究,初步认为滇西北金沙江小中甸盆地存在倒数第二次冰期末期和末次冰期早冰阶的沉积,气候以冷湿为主,间以短暂的温干、冷干变化。     

Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation for the Protection of Earthen Dikes and Embankments Under Surface Runoff: Laboratory Investigations

Earthen structures such as shore protection dikes and river embankments easily suffer from erosion under surface water runoff.This study made experimental efforts to explore the enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation(EICP)method for slope erosion control under surface runoff for earthen structures.The sandy soils were treated by the EICP method for various rounds.Surface characteristics were evaluated by the surface penetration resistance,calcium carbonate content,and surface hard crust thickness of EICP-treated soils.Slope runoff erosion experiments were carried out to evaluate the erosion control performances of the EICP treatment.The surface penetration resistance,calcium carbonate content,and surface hard crust thickness were found to significantly increase with the treatment rounds.In the erosion experiments,it was observed that the level of damages decreased and the water flow volume required to trigger the damage increased with more treatments.The increase in the soil slope angle led to more serious surface damages.The amount and rate that the soil particles were eroded from the slope surfaces declined with more EICP treatments,which was consistent with those of visual observations.The preliminary investigations presented in this study have shown the potential of the EICP method for slope erosion control under surface runoff for earthen structures.     

Stability analysis of suction bucket foundations under wave cyclic loading and scouring

Suction bucket foundation is a typical type for offshore turbines. Scour caused by wave and current can reduce the stability of foundation and then endanger the whole structure. This paper details a series of suction bucket model tests performed in sand under wave cyclic loading. The model tests investigate the effect of scour on stability of bucket foundation by artificially excavated scour hole around the foundation. It is revealed that the behavior of foundation bearing capacity can be divided into two stages: the initial cyclic stage and the final stage (showing either cyclic stability or cyclic failure). When the wave circulation is stable, the sand on the front and back sides of the foundation is suspected to be liquefied. With the increase in scour depth, the stability of foundation is gradually reduced, the behavior of foundation gradually changes from a state of cyclic stability to cyclic failure, and the number of waves that can be withstood is drastically reduced. Finally, the height of the center of rotation of the suction bucket was observed to descend with the increase in scour depth.