数据域初至波走时与成像域反射波走时联合层析速度建模方法

复杂地表探区,尤其是盆山过渡区的油气勘探是我国也是世界上油气勘探的重点区域,但是此类区域油气地震勘探中满足精确地震成像的速度建模一直是个没有很好解决的问题.本文提出了一种综合性的数据域初至波走时与成像域反射波走时联合层析复杂地表浅中深层速度建模方法,并针对联合层析速度反演解的非唯一性问题,深入地分析了层析反演中正则化的本质意义,指出了建立构造特征正则化方法的具体技术路线,提出了联合层析的实现流程及策略.理论和实际数据试验表明,本文提出的数据域初至走时与成像域反射走时联合层析浅中深层速度建模技术避免了常规建模方法中浅层速度模型与中深层速度模型的融合问题,较好地解决了传统成像域反射层析对近地表模型的不可控更新问题,整体提升了深度域浅中深层速度模型的建模精度,进而提高了复杂地表、复杂构造区的地震成像质量.     

高层建筑桁架转换层地震反应线性分析方法研究

为探究高层建筑桁架转换层地震作用下的动力反应情况,采用SAP2000程序中平面壳单元和杆系单元对高层建筑桁架转换层进行有限元建模,采用模态分析法和地震反应谱分析法对高层建筑桁架转换层结构进行地震反应分析,结果表明:高层建筑中桁架转换层前8阶振型对自振周期影响较大,分析高层建筑桁架转换层地震作用反应时,主要采用前8阶振型振型,且桁架转换层及其上、下层间容易出现层间位移角突变现象,桁架转换层极易发生位移集中,是高层建筑的脆弱部分,应加强高层建筑桁架转换层设计,提升建筑安全性。     

城市微动高阶面波在浅层勘探中的应用：以苏州河地区为例

频率-贝塞尔变换方法(Frequency-Bessel Transform method,简称F-J方法)是一种分析微动信号的新方法,由于该方法采用频率矢量波数变换处理水平层状各向同性弹性模型中时空平稳随机分布的微动信号,所以从理论上可以提取出清晰的瑞利波基阶和高阶模态频散曲线,但是目前还没有相关的野外实验对此进行研究和应用.本文首先采用该方法对上海市苏州河地区采集的城市微动信号进行处理获得了频率-相速度谱,然后提取了多模态瑞利波频散曲线,最后通过粒子群算法对频散曲线进行联合反演,得到了浅地表0~70 m深度范围的S波速度结构,并且利用钻孔数据对反演的速度结构进行了验证.另外,本文还通过对比F-J方法和传统的SPAC(SPatial AutoCorrelation method)方法分别提取的频散曲线,展示了F-J方法在处理城市微动信号方面的优势.本文研究结果表明:(1)F-J方法可以从少量台站(21个台站)短时记录(1小时)的微动信号垂直分量中提取出清晰的基阶和高阶模态瑞利波频散曲线;(2)F-J方法提取的高阶模态频散曲线比传统SPAC方法提取的更加清晰,高频部分(>13 Hz)优势更为明显;(3)联合基阶和高阶模态频散曲线反演的浅地表速度结构更加精确,可以分辨出第四系沉积层中物性相差较小的速度界面和低速异常,在城市浅地表精细结构成像方面具有较好的应用前景.     

近场P波频谱分布及震级确定方法

通过研究国内12个4~7级地震的近场P波前3秒加速度波形记录的频谱分布, 我们发现, 对于较大的地震, 近场通常接收到的低频信息比较稳定, 尤其是1 Hz以下的信号。 通过对3秒初至P波震相加速度记录的低频窄带滤波及对传统震级公式的改造, 我们得到了4个低频段的震级计算公式M₁, M₂, M₃, M₄及预警震级计算结果M_n。 将其应用到日本13个4~7级的地震中, 并对比目前主流Pd震级计算方法, 我们的结果离散度与可靠性更好。 因此, 可认为我们得到的震级公式是较可靠的一种估算近场震级的方法, 并且可以应用到地震预警中。     

Flood coincidence analysis of Poyang Lake and Yangtze River: risk and influencing factors

We build copula function-based joint distribution models for the annual maximum flood peaks of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, to analyze the coincidence probabilities, using scenarios that combine with the impoundment of three Gorges, define influencing indexes and relative contribution rates on flood coincidence at varying frequencies. The study shows the probabilities for coincidence of floods with 1000, 100, and 10-year return periods in both Yangtze main stem and Poyang Lake are respectively 0.02, 0.19 and 2.87%, with higher coincidence probabilities for shorter return periods; when 1000-year flood occurs in the Yangtze, the probabilities for Poyang Lake to encounter flood of the 1000, 100, or 10-year magnitude are higher than 16.08, 42.48 or 74.77% respectively; Poyang–Yangtze flood coincidence is affected by operation of the hydraulic engineering. The lowering of flood peaks caused by the Three Gorges impoundment and regulation of the lake have respectively reduced the probabilities of Poyang–Yangtze flood coincidence by about 7.0 and 1.97%, with average relative contribution rates ? 33.82 and ? 17.1%; influenced by hydrological projects in Poyang basin, variations in Poyang’s inflow flood have displayed an average contribution rate of 20.4% for the negative effect on extreme (P < 5% or P > 90%) flood coincidence, while having a positive contribution rate of 38.2% on floods of other return periods. The results can help increase our understanding of flood coincidence, and support flood control efforts in Poyang Lake; its analytical approach may also be useful to other applications of copula functions.     

阜阳M_S4.3地震震源深度的确定及地震成因分析

2015年3月14日在安徽阜阳地区发生了M_S4.3地震,随后发生3月23日M_s3.6余震.主震造成2人死亡13人受伤.房屋倒塌155间,受损1万多间.主震震级不大,而造成的灾害巨大.本文使用CAP方法反演了两次地震的震源机制解和震源深度,结果显示两次地震的震源机制解和深度一致.主震的机制解节面Ⅰ走向110°,倾角75°,滑动角—10°;节面Ⅱ走向202°,倾角80°,滑动角—164°;矩震级M_w4.3,余震矩震级M_w3.7,反演最佳深度均为3 km.最佳深度时波形拟合相关系数较高,表明反演结果是可靠的.使用sPn和sPL深度震相进一步分析了两次地震的震源深度.结果显示,选取的7个台站的sPn震相与Pn震相的平均到时差为1 s,对应的震源深度为3 km.震中距为36 km的利辛台的sPL震相与Pg震相到时差约为1.1 s,对应震源深度约3~4 km之间.两种深度震相分析的震源深度与CAP方法的结果一致,表明本文给出的阜阳地震震源深度为3 km左右基本是可靠的.本次地震造成较大灾害的原因很可能与地震震源较浅有关.阜阳地区地壳结构相对稳定,地质构造演化形成3 km厚的沉积层,本次地震可能是区域应力作用下发生在沉积层里的一次地震.     

SYSTEMATIC OFFSET OF BEDROCK CHANNELS ALONG ACTIVE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS ON THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

Offset river is one of the characteristic landforms along active strike-slip fault. Whereas because of various factors such as natural meander, river capture, etc, difficulties exist while interpreting slip motion and offset amount using landforms of offset rivers. In this study, we introduced the systematic offset of bedrock channels as a method to analyze offset rivers along strike-slip fault. Systematic offset of bedrock channels is the result of coupling between tectonic process and surface process. It also describes the phenomenon of synchronous accumulation both of the offset amount and the upstream length because of head-ward erosion. Based on the interpretation, measuring and statistics of the offset river landforms, it is found that systematic offset of bedrock channels have developed along the Ganzi-Yushu, Xianshuihe and eastern Kunlun fault zones on the eastern Tibetan plateau. There is a linear relationship between the upstream length (L), measured from the headwater to the fault, and the offset amount (D):D=a·L. This study provides useful implications to the role of strike-slip faults during the geomorphic evolution of the eastern Tibetan plateau.     

THE EXTRACTION OF HOUSE DISTRIBUTION BASED ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY METHOD:TAKING THE COUNTRYSIDE IN THE WEST OF CHINA FOR EXAMPLE

The key parameters of houses such as distribution, area and height play an important role for urban-rural planning, earthquake emergency and disaster mitigation. The computer automatic extraction method is an effective way to acquire large area house information using satellite-borne or airborne optical remote-sensing images. However, because of the similarity of spectral characters for different land cover types or the influence of snow coverage, the classification accuracy of house type using traditional spectral based method can be decreased. To acquire the accurate houses distribution, a method based on the height information is proposed using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)in this study. With UAV flying at the height of 100m above ground, the route of the UVA was planned with the heading direction overlap of 77% and side direction overlap of 50%for the nearby pictures. Taking Qionghalajun Village in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for example, 69 pictures of the study area were obtained with DJI Phantom 3 professional. With those pictures input into the EasyUAV software, the Digital Elevation Model(DEM), Digital Surface Model(DSM), and Digital Orthophoto Map(DOM)were acquired based on photogrammetry method using the overlapped optical remote-sensing images of UAV. After that, the house distribution and height were acquired with the differences between DSM and DEM images larger than 2.6m. To eliminate the influences of disintegrated pixels on the house extraction, mainly caused by the trees or noise point, the classification aggregation tool of ENVI software was used with the disintegrated pixels' area less than 4m². Compared with visual interpretation result, the user accuracy and mapping accuracy of the house extraction method proposed in this study is 88.69% and 97.42%, respectively. In addition, to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the result of traditional supervised classification method using DOM data acquired previously was compared with the result of new method. The results show that the new method is more accurate the user accuracy and mapping accuracy of the supervised classification method, which is 43.23% and 85.30%, respectively. Besides the study area in this study, the performance of the proposed method will be evaluated at the other places in the further study.     

Probabilistic development of shear strength model for reinforced concrete squat walls

In order to reconcile the larger scatter and avoid the biased estimate from deterministic predictions for the shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) squat structural walls, a probabilistic shear strength model is developed in this paper based on the strut‐and‐tie model and the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method. The strut‐and‐tie model is used to derive an appropriate function form for the probabilistic shear strength model, where four unknown model parameters (e.g. k₁, k₂, k₃ and k₄) are defined carefully to guarantee them having a clear physical‐based meaning so that the corresponding prior distribution ranges can be specified reasonably. Then, the GLUE method is adopted to estimate the posterior cumulative distribution of k₁, k₂, k₃ and k₄ with an available experimental database. Furthermore, to demonstrate the stability of the estimated posterior cumulative distribution, the sensitivity of three major aspects in GLUE method is investigated. Finally, based on the estimated cumulative distribution of k₁, k₂, k₃ and k₄, the developed probabilistic shear strength model is simplified as a mean prediction model and a standard deviation prediction model for facilitate using in engineering practice. Therefore, with the developed probabilistic shear strength model, not only can the squat structural walls be designed in confidence, but the accuracy of those deterministic predictions can be evaluated in a probabilistic manner. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西柘林湖富营养化现状与藻类时空分布特征

江西柘林湖是首批入围国家良好湖泊保护专项的示范湖泊.为揭示柘林湖富营养化现状与藻类时空演替特征,于2012年8月至2013年7月对全湖及主要入湖支流进行了周年采样分析,结果表明:柘林湖主要营养盐在地表水Ⅲ类以内,处于中营养状态.全湖藻类演替以蓝藻-硅藻交替为主,夏季以鱼腥藻和微囊藻为优势种,冬季直链藻、小环藻和针杆藻占优.藻类空间分布呈现西部高于东部、上游高于下游的特征,西部部分湖区夏季甚至出现了鱼腥藻水华.柘林湖3个大型饮用水源地中东渡水源地夏季也同样面临蓝藻水华问题,但蓝藻毒素未超标.在重点监测的4条柘林湖主要入湖支流中,3条支流的藻类夏、冬季细胞丰度均在1×107cells/L以下,但烟港水的藻细胞丰度夏、冬季分别接近和超过该界限,应加以警惕并采取适当措施.枯水期水位变化、水体分层、较低的水体透明度和较长的滞留时间是影响柘林湖局部湖区蓝藻水华形成的关键因素.