不同因素对砂岩含水层介质吸附铀的影响

铀矿开采过程中及井场退役后,含铀浸出液的扩散会对地下水造成一定影响,该影响范围和程度决定了铀的天然衰减特征。本文以北方某地浸铀矿区砂岩含水介质为研究对象,研究了溶液化学特征和黄铁矿含量对砂岩吸附和转化铀的影响。结果表明,砂岩颗粒对U(VI)的吸附基本在12 h可达平衡。线性等温吸附模型可以很好地描述吸附特征;砂岩颗粒对U(VI)的吸附率总体随着粒径增大而减小,当岩石粒径增大到0.200.25 mm时,吸附率趋于稳定。溶液pH值是影响吸附的主要因素,通过控制溶液中U(VI)的络合形态和岩石颗粒表面带电荷情况,在库仑力的作用下促进或者抑制吸附,在pH=6时,达到最佳吸附状态。共存离子对U(VI)吸附的抑制程度是: {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}>Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺> {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}。 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}主要通过与 {\mathrm{UO}}_2^{2+}络合形成带负电荷的络合阴离子抑制U(VI)吸附。近中性pH值试验条件下,黄铁矿含量的增加对U的去除起到显著的促进作用,这种促进作用体现在吸附和还原作用,被吸附的Fe²⁺在吸附剂表面通过电子转移还原吸附态的U(VI),还原产物是UO_2+x,吸附和还原是个相互促进的过程;在弱碱性pH值试验条件下,黄铁矿对U(VI)去除的影响不明显,水解沉淀作用和较低的吸附率抑制了还原反应的发生。     

Microphysical Properties of Convective Clouds in Summer over the Tibetan Plateau from SNPP/VIIRS Satellite Data

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an important role in formation and development of the East Asian atmospheric circulation, climate variability, and disastrous weathers in China. Among the many topics on TP meteorology, it is critical to understand the microphysical characteristics of clouds over the TP;however, observations of the cloud microphysics in this area are insufficient mainly due to sparse stations and limited cloud physical data. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VⅡRS), onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite, has an improved imaging spectroradiometer with 17 channels of 750-m moderate resolution and 5 channels of 375-m image resolution. The high-resolution instrument has an advantage for observing the small or initial convective clouds. Based on the methodologies that we proposed before for retrieving cloud microphysical properties from SNPP, an automated mapping software package named Automatic Mapping of Convective Clouds (AMCC) has been developed at the scale of satellite swath. The properties of convective clouds are retrieved by AMCC and their values are averaged over 0.33°×0.33° grids based on the SNPP/VⅡRS satellite data over the TP during the summers of 2013-17. The results show that:(1) the temperature of lifting condensation level (TLCL) at Naqu meteorological station and the cloud base temperature (Tb) retrieved from VⅡRS are linearly correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87 and standard deviation (STD) of 3.0℃;(2) convective clouds over the TP have the following macro-and microphysical properties. First, the cloud base temperature (Tb) is about -5℃, the cloud base height above the ground (Hb) ranges between 1800 and 2200 m, and the cloud water content is low. Second, the cloud condensation nuclei concentration (NCCN) is between 200 and 400 mg-1 with 0.7% in maximum supersaturation (Smax);consequently, the condensation growth of water cloud droplet with less NCCN and higher Smax is fast. Third, because the precipitation initiation depth (D14) varies within 1500-2000 m and 500-1000 m at the Yarlung Zangbo River basin and southern Tibet, respectively, the clouds over these areas are more prone to precipitation. Fourth, mean height of the cloud top above sea level (Htop) is between 10 and 13 km, but the cloud depth (Dcld) is rather small, which is about 5000 m in southern TP and gradually reduces to 2500 m in northern TP. Fifth, the glaciation temperature (Tg) ranges from -30℃ in central and southern TP to -25℃ in northern TP, which, combined with the warmer Tg and the Tb less than 0℃, leads to the domination of ice process in the clouds;(3) the macro-and microphysical properties of convective clouds over the TP explain why rainfall there is frequent and lasts over a short time with small amount and large rain drops.     

考虑边坡内孔隙水压力效应的抗滑桩简化分析方法

将塑性极限分析上限定理与抗剪强度折减技术相结合,建立了考虑孔隙水压力效应的抗滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,采用数学优化方法求解桩侧极限有效土压力及相应的潜在破坏模式,其中水对边坡的影响作用通过虚功方程来体现,将孔隙水压力当作外力荷载做功,进一步地,基于获得的桩侧无量纲极限有效土压力,建立了抗滑桩的挠曲微分方程,采用有限差分法求解桩身的反应。在此基础上,针对典型算例边坡进行变动参数计算与对比分析,探讨了孔隙水压力对抗滑桩加固力与最优加固位置的影响。     

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF STRONG EARTHQUAKE ON THE RECURRENCE BEHAVIOR OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKE ON ACTIVE FAULT-TAKING THE MIDDLE-NORTH SECTION OF XIANSHUIHE FAULT AS AN EXAMPLE

It is of great significance to determine the factors and causes that affect the recurrence of major earthquakes. This paper introduces the influence of strong earthquake on the recurrence of major earthquakes according to elastic rebound theory, and then proposes to calculate the impact time Δt respectively from the effect of strong earthquakes on the same and surrounding faults on the major earthquake recurrence by using seismic moment release rate method and Coulomb stress change. In this paper, we studied the change amount of major earthquake recurrence by taking four earthquakes with magnitude greater than 6.5 occurring at different fracture sections of the Xianshuhe fault zone as an example, they occurred on Daofu, Changcu, Zhuwo Fault, respectively. We used seismic moment rate method to calculate the impact time Δt of strong earthquake on the recurrence of major earthquakes on the Daofu-Qianning Fault. We further discussed the effect of the Coulomb stress change due to the interaction between faults on the recurrence of subsequent major earthquakes. The co-seismic and post-seismic Coulomb stress changes caused by strong earthquake on the surrounding faults on the Ganzi-Luhuo Fault are calculated. With the fault interaction considered, the importance of the interaction between faults in the middle-north section of the Xianshuihe fault zone to change the recurrence of large earthquakes is retested and evaluated. The results indicate that the two strong earthquakes occurring along Xianshuihe Fault in 1904(M=7.0) and 1981(M=6.9) resulted in a delay of 80 years and 45 years of major earthquake recurrence on the Daofu-Qianning Fault respectively, and the M7.3 earthquake in 1923 and the M6.8 earthquake in 1967 resulted in an advance of 35 years of major earthquake recurrence on the Ganzi-Luhuo Fault.     

青藏高原东北缘2次地震热红外亮温异常分析

应用静止气象卫星FY-2G的TBB产品为基础数据,针对2017年9月30日四川青川5.4级和2017年10月31日甘肃临潭4.3级地震前后出现在震中区附近的显著热红外异常,运用小波变换和相对功率谱法进行异常提取和资料分析。结果表明:青川地震热红外异常范围主要分布在震中东南区域,震前4个月左右出现功率谱增强现象,持续2个月左右。临潭地震热红外异常范围主要分布在震中的西南方向,震前20 d左右出现异常增强现象,随时间推移,异常范围逐渐向西南扩大,震前14 d异常开始收缩并减弱,异常持续30 d左右。通过对比2次震例,发现热异常特征有许多共同点,其中相同的特征周期可为中强地震前兆特征的归纳提供重要参考信息。     

起伏海底地形时间域海洋电磁三维自适应正演模拟

本文基于自适应非结构有限元算法实现海洋电磁起伏海底地形三维正演模拟.通过采用隐式后推欧拉时间离散技术,保证在较大的时间步长条件下获得正确结果.为获得多时间道海洋电磁正演模拟的有效网格,我们采用基于法向电流连续的后验误差估计的自适应方法和网格融合技术;同时为了控制网格数量和保证正演模拟稳定性,我们还在网格融合过程中应用了随机网格挑选技术.对于方程组求解我们使用MUMPUS直接求解器.当时间步长不变时,只需对系数矩阵进行一次分解,大大提高计算速度.将本文计算结果与半空间模型解析解进行对比,验证了本文算法精度.针对海洋电磁半拖曳式和双船拖曳式工作方式,我们通过典型模型的模拟计算,研究海底地形影响及海底高阻层识别特征.     

斜腿夹角对V形墩连续刚构桥地震响应的影响研究

为研究斜腿夹角对V形墩连续刚构桥地震响应的影响及合理斜腿夹角角度,以一座典型V形墩预应力混凝土连续刚构桥为研究对象,采用有限元分析方法研究了斜腿夹角θ对桥梁内力及位移的影响,得出了θ对结构地震响应的影响规律和变化曲线。研究结果表明:随着斜腿夹角的增加,在纵向地震力作用下,墩底纵向弯矩逐渐减小,墩顶和主梁墩顶支撑处纵向弯矩逐渐增大;在横向地震力作用下,跨中横向弯矩逐渐减小,墩底横向弯矩逐渐增大,墩顶横向弯矩基本不变;在竖向地震力作用下,墩底和墩顶竖向弯矩逐渐增大,主梁支撑处竖向弯矩逐渐减小;斜腿夹角对纵向或横向地震力作用下结构位移影响不大,对竖向地震力作用下的位移影响较大。在满足静力设计的前提下,当两斜腿夹角为90°时,结构地震响应相对较小,受力合理性最优。研究成果可为该类桥梁的抗震设计与斜腿夹角角度选取提供参考和依据。     

断层形变测量资料与辅助温度观测资料相关分析

独山子形变观测站位于独山子石化总厂厂区的西南,地理坐标为φN44°19′02.1,″λE84°48′13.3,″海拔高程为824.7 m。观测站始建于1989年,1993年正式观测。架设的是中国地震局地壳应力研究所研制的断层形变观测仪,MD 4412B型浮子式垂直变形测量仪测量垂直形变,MD 4211BA型岩体变形测量仪测量水平形变。仪器原观测方式为模拟纪录,1998年对其进行了数字化改造。改造后仪器为MD 4412型浮子式垂直变形测量仪及MD 4211型岩体变形测量仪。2003年7—9月对观测站地下廊道进行了保温改造,2003年10月安装了DFG、DSG型岩体形变测量仪,并新架…     

ICPAES法同时测定钛铁矿中钾钠钙镁钡锶锌

采用HClHNO3HF HClO4,HClHNO3HF H2SO4敞口和HClHNO3HFHClO4,HClHNO3HF H2SO4微波消解4种方法溶矿,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICPAES）测定,建立了钛铁矿中钾、钠、钙、镁、钡、锶、锌等元素的同时测定方法。对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定的最佳仪器条件及分析谱线进行了选择,并对钛、铁基体的影响、溶矿提取酸度以及溶矿残渣进行了研究。实验结果表明：采用HClHNO3HF HClO4敞口溶矿,具有检出限低、灵敏度高,操作简便、快速等突出优点。该方法测定值与推荐值基本吻合,分析方法的精密度满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的要求。     

兰州西津黄土色度指标记录的第四纪气候演化

为了更深入研究黄土高原西部地区第四纪气候演化历史,选取已建立可靠年代的兰州黄河南岸西津黄土钻孔剖面为研究载体,应用CM-700D型分光测色计对等间距取样的417个样品进行实验分析,获得了过去2.2 Ma的兰州地区色度指标记录序列.结合剖面已有其他古气候代用指标,与周边已有记录及全球深海氧同位素记录对比,发现2.2 Ma...