Precise orbit determination of BeiDou constellation: method comparison

Chinese BeiDou navigation satellite system is in official service as a regional constellation with five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites, five inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) satellites and four medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. There are mainly two methods for precise orbit determination of the BeiDou constellation found in the current literatures. One is the independent single-system method, where only BeiDou observations are used without help from other GNSS systems. The other is the two-step GPS-assisted method where in the first step, GPS data are used to resolve some common parameters, such as station coordinates, receiver clocks and zenith tropospheric delay parameters, which are then introduced as known quantities in BeiDou processing in the second step. We conduct a thorough performance comparison between the two methods. Observations from the BeiDou experimental tracking stations and the IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment network from January 1 to March 31, 2013, are processed with the Positioning and Navigation Data Analyst (PANDA) software. The results show that for BeiDou IGSO and MEO satellites, the two-step GPS-assisted method outperforms the independent single-system method in both internal orbit overlap precision and external satellite laser ranging validation. For BeiDou GEO satellites, the two methods show close performances. Zenith tropospheric delays estimated from the first method are very close to those estimated from GPS precise point positioning in the second method, with differences of several millimeters. Satellite clock estimates from the two methods show similar performances when assessing the stability of the BeiDou on board clocks.     

思维导图方法的教学实践

思维导图在国内外已有多项研究证明思维导图在促进学生创新思维发展上有作用。在测绘类学科的高校教学中引入思维导图这种学习和工作方法,用在测绘本科教学改革中的讲座责任制授课模式上,通过在测绘本科教学方法改革的需求分析、应用实践和学生调查统计,得出结论:思维导图用于测绘类高校教学中,有利于提高学生创新思辨和自主学习能力,有助于达到以"能力"为核心的测绘专业人才培养目标。     

An Immune Genetic Algorithm to Buildings Displacement in Cartographic Generalization

Spatial conflicts may occur when map data are displayed at a scale smaller than that of the source map. This study applies the displacement operator in cartographic generalization to resolve such spatial conflicts and to improve the clarity and legibility of map. The immune genetic algorithm (IGA) is used in this study for buildings displacement to solve conflicts. IGA is based on the genetic algorithm (GA) and employs the self‐adjusting mechanism of antibody concentration to enhance population diversity. Meanwhile, the elitism retention strategy is adopted in IGA to guarantee that the best individual (antibody) is not lost and destroyed in the next generation to strengthen convergence efficiency. The compared experiment between IGA and GA shows that the displacement result produced by IGA performs better than GA. Finally, in order to make the displaced map more attractive to cartographers, two constraints – the building alignment constraint and building tangent relation constraint – are applied in IGA to restrict the buildings’ displacement. The same experimental data are adopted to prove that the improved IGA is useful for maintaining the two constraints.     

Geographical impacts on social networks from perspectives of space and place: an empirical study using mobile phone data

Space and place are two fundamental concepts in geography. Geographical factors have long been known as drivers of many aspects of people’s social networks. But whether and how space and place affect social networks differently are still unclear. The widespread use of location-aware devices provides a novel source for distinguishing the mechanisms of their impacts on social networks. Using mobile phone data, this paper explores the effects of space and place on social networks. From the perspective of space, we confirm the distance decay effect in social networks, based on a comparison between synthetic social ties generated by a null model and actual social ties derived from real-world data. From the perspective of place, we introduce several measures to evaluate interactions between individuals and inspect the trio relationship including distance, spatio-temporal co-occurrence, and social ties. We found that people’s interaction is a more important factor than spatial proximity, indicating that the spatial factor has a stronger impact on social networks in place compared to that in space. Furthermore, we verify the hypothesis that interactions play an important role in strengthening friendships.     

Fourier-based multi-scale representation and progressive transmission of cartographic curves on the internet

ABSTRACT

Automatic generation of multi-scale representations from the same spatial data source has been the research focus in map generalization for a long time. Based on the Fourier technique, this paper proposes a continuous, multi-scale representation model for progressive transformation of cartographic curves on the Internet. In our method, all the curves, whether closed or open, are depicted as periodical functions which are further expressed as Fourier series. The convergence degrees of the Fourier series are explored for different kinds of curves, and truncating frequencies are derived based on the similarity between the original and reconstructed curves. Using information theory and the Radical Law in cartography, the relationship between map scales and Fourier frequencies is established. Based on the proposed multi-scale model, we also introduce the principles and implementation of a progressive transmission method. Our method is evaluated using the contours from a topographic map. The results show that our model is a valid approach to multi-scale representation of cartographic curves.     

Research on comprehensive carrying capacity of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region based on state-space method

Based on state-space method and component analysis, this paper builds a comprehensive evaluation system of carrying capacity for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region from four aspects, namely economy, environment, ecology and energy. The results show that the comprehensive carrying capacity in this region gradually rises in recent years and the economic carrying capacity plays an important role in this situation. Ecological and environmental carrying capacity are gradually enhanced but still affected by water shortages. The energy carrying capacity of this region is low, which is the major factor restricting its sustainable development. Based on the empirical results, following policy suggestions should be adopted: Firstly, local government should accelerate technological progress, promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure; Secondly, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resource should be solved gradually; thirdly, government should develop recycling economy, realizing the coordinated development of economy and environment; last but not least, saving energy and improving energy efficiency.     

长江中下游成矿带庐枞盆地小包庄铁矿床地质特征研究

罗河铁矿床位于长江中下游成矿带内庐枞火山岩盆地的西北部,是成矿带内已发现规模最大的铁矿床。2013年在罗河铁矿床深部又勘探新发现了小包庄大型铁矿床,这是长江中下游成矿带内近年来重大找矿突破之一,具有重要的理论研究意义和勘探应用价值。本文在前人工作基础上,基于详细的钻孔观察和系统的岩相学、矿相学工作并结合电子探针测试分析,研究了小包庄铁矿床的矿化蚀变特征,厘定了矿床的成矿阶段,分析了成矿作用过程,并初步探讨了矿床成因。研究表明,罗河铁矿床和小包庄铁矿床为同一成矿系统在不同深度成矿作用的产物。小包庄铁矿床主矿体矿呈厚大的透镜状、似层状产于砖桥组地层中,位于罗河铁矿床主矿体之下约800~1000m,主要由浸染状矿体组成。矿床中金属矿物主要为磁铁矿和黄铁矿,非金属矿物主要为硬石膏、透辉石和碳酸盐,矿石的代表性矿物组合为磁铁矿-硬石膏-透辉石。矿石的结构构造主要有浸染状构造、脉状构造、块状构造、自形-半自形粒状结构、他形粒状结构和筛状结构等。矿床围岩蚀变强烈,主要蚀变类型有碱性长石化、透辉石化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、碳酸盐化和硬石膏化。小包庄铁矿床形成经历了热液期的四个阶段,即碱性长石阶段、透辉石-硬石膏-磁铁矿阶段、绿泥石-绿帘石-碳酸盐阶段和硬石膏-黄铁矿-碳酸盐-石英阶段,其中,铁矿化主要发育于透辉石-硬石膏-磁铁矿阶段。通过矿床地质特征的分析以及与宁芜地区铁矿床的对比研究,本文认为小包庄铁矿床成矿物质和成矿流体来源于深部的闪长质侵入岩(?),而矿化发育在远离侵入岩或次火山岩之上的火山岩中,明显有别于宁芜地区玢岩铁矿床,类似于智利安第斯成矿带中部分产于安山质火山岩中的磁铁矿-磷灰石型矿床,是长江中下游成矿带中产于火山岩中的一类特殊类型的玢岩型铁矿。