顾及波束入射角的常梯度声线跟踪水下定位算法

海水声速的时空变化会使声波沿传播方向发生折射,有效消除声波的折射效应对提高水下声学定位精度至关重要。在声速剖面已知的情况下,声线跟踪是削弱折射效应的有效方法。但现有的声线跟踪方法要求波束入射角为已知,而基于距离交会原理的水下声学定位系统通常未对波束入射角进行直接观测。针对上述问题,提出了顾及波束入射角的常梯度声线跟踪水下定位算法,采用搜索法确定波束入射角,通过对声线跟踪与定位解算的迭代计算,实现波束入射角和目标坐标的渐次修正。为进一步提高计算效率,提出了迭代求解超越方程的解算法。试验结果表明,本文方法有效利用声速剖面消除了声线折射效应的影响,且解算法计算效率优于搜索法。     

南亚高压强度与邻近地区垂直速度的相互依赖关系

利用ERA-Interim 1979—2018年6—8月的再分析资料,通过相关分析、信息流、合成分析等方法研究了南亚高压强度与其邻近地区垂直速度的相互依赖关系.结果表明：南亚高压在上对流层-下平流层区域具有上冷下暖的热力结构,冷、暖中心分别在70 hPa和250 hPa,以这两层的温度异常建立的温差指数可以反映南亚高压的强度.在不同时间尺度上,南亚高压强度与其邻近地区垂直速度的相互依赖关系是不同的.在月时间尺度上,南亚高压强度通过动力作用影响邻近地区的垂直速度,南亚高压增强（减弱）时,其东部地区的上升运动和西部地区的下沉运动同步增强（减弱）;在日时间尺度上,南亚高压中部的垂直速度通过热力强迫影响南亚高压强度,南亚高压中部地区上升运动增强（减弱）时,南亚高压增强（减弱）且位置偏西（偏东）.     

各向异性介质中的入射角、反射角和透射角

对各向异性介质中波动现象的数学描述,远比对各向同性介质中的数学描述要复杂得多．这一复杂性主要来自各向异性介质中的许多物理特性,不同于各向同性介质中的物理特性．因此,计算各向异性界面处的反射角和透射角在数学意义上变得非常复杂,各向同性介质中的Snell定律已不再适用于各向异性介质,必须加以修改．本文发展了一种计算各向异性介质分界面处入射角、反射角和透射角的新算法,即修正后的各向异性介质中的Snell定律．      

古昆虫植食的自然历史

昆虫植食是昆虫与植物相互作用关系中最重要的组成部分。探索地史时期陆地生态系统中昆虫植食行为的起源与演化是探究古环境重建及古气候变化的重要切入点，其结果将更好地揭示现生昆虫取食行为背后的生物学及生态学意义。本文梳理了昆虫植食的研究历史；阐述了植物化石上的生物损伤与非生物损伤的主要区别；介绍了昆虫植食研究的化石证据以及功能性取食组 损伤类型研究体系(Functional feeding group damage type, FFG DT)。昆虫植食多样性在地质历史时期的演化过程分为8个阶段：① 志留纪—泥盆纪(444~359 Ma)为昆虫植食的起源时期；② 石炭纪(359~299 Ma)为昆虫植食的扩张时期；③ 二叠纪(299~252 Ma)为昆虫植食的稳定时期；④ 三叠纪(252~201 Ma)晚期，昆虫植食再次多样化；⑤ 侏罗纪(201~145 Ma)昆虫植食程度进一步加强；⑥ 白垩纪(145~66 Ma)裸子植物逐渐为被子植物所替代，昆虫植食大幅度增加；白垩纪末期，昆虫植食水平下降；⑦ 古近纪(66~23 Ma)昆虫植食水平提高；⑧ 新近纪(23~26 Ma)昆虫植食与现代基本相似。影响昆虫植食的主要因素包括气候环境、昆虫和植被多样性、昆虫口器类型、植物群落组成和微生物等。目前，统一昆虫植食研究体系和方法、填补各历史阶段的缺失信息等问题在昆虫植食研究中亟待解决。     

变质作用矿床概述

近代矿床学研究已初步摆脱经典和相对立的内生及外生作用矿床的研究范围,走向一个以整体地质环境为背景,以各种地质作用相互联系为基础的动力学研究方向,并从矿床的源区和源岩出发,在不同的地质作用下特别是与挥发组分的参与相结合,追溯其矿床的形成过程。变质作用矿床是一类中间型的矿床,属于近源迁移型。在原有地壳中含矿建造和矿源层的基础上,经历了变质作用和它的后期混合岩作用过程,并通过变质作用传导体制的不同阶段中出现的流体的参与,形成一系列由前变质矿床直至混合岩化期后矿床。文中对影响变质作用矿床的控制因素及其地位作了扼要的叙述,进行了变质作用分类的探讨,并从其传导体制中出现的热流及其形成环境上,与岩浆型花岗岩期后热液型进行对比和讨论。     

List of Forthcoming Papers

Other Index

List of Forthcoming Papers     

黔西北青山铅锌矿床主要控矿断裂构造岩-岩相分带模式

青山铅锌矿床是黔西北矿集区内威宁-水城成矿亚带的典型矿床之一，矿体产出严格受构造和岩性双重因素控制。含矿断裂带中构造岩既是构造变形作用的载体，也是相应变形环境的受体，其具有显著的分带特征。针对斜落走滑构造环境下弱蚀变构造岩与热液成矿成生联系研究的薄弱环节，基于构造岩-岩相学填图方法以及不同岩相带内节理、裂隙构造解析，系统采集不同构造岩-岩相带内定向构造岩样品，进行显微构造与地球化学分析，剖析不同岩相带内构造岩类型、物质组成、内部结构、构造及其分带特征，构建了该矿床构造岩-岩相分带模式，即从矿体向外，依次为:张裂岩相带→泥化相带（一、三中段及以上）→扭裂岩相带→压裂岩相带。扭裂岩相带内发育黄铁矿化、铅锌矿化、方解石化、弱白云石化，压裂岩相带内主要发育方解石化，矿化蚀变随着远离矿体呈现出从强变弱的变化规律，成矿环境也随着温度逐渐降低，呈现氧化→弱氧化-弱还原→还原的变化特征。同时，结合宏观和显微构造应力场分析，认为矿体外侧不同类型的构造岩是在统一构造应力场作用下，因不同位置的局部应力场变化而形成的不同类型的构造岩，发育在北西向断裂下盘的次级断裂不仅控制了矿体定位和形态产状，也控制了其外侧构造岩-岩相带。      

The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay,Hainan Island,China

Sanya Bay encompasses a high diversity of natural habitats, ranging from coral reefs, rocky and sandy shores and mudflats to mangroves. Seasonal physicochemical and biological investigations were conducted from 1998 to 1999 and again in April 2000. Water-related environmental quality in Sanya Bay is in good condition. The levels of dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals are within the first class of National Seawater Quality Standards for China. Annual mean values of chlorophyll a of 0.93 mg m(-3) and phytoplankton primary productivity of 440.8 mgC m(-2)d(-1), respectively, were found in the waters, both of which show a significant correlation with inorganic nitrogen. A mean new productivity of 144.6 mgC m(-2) d(-1) was recorded in summer. Sanya Bay is rich in natural resources and biodiversity with 235 species of phytoplankton and 129 species of zooplankton identified in the survey. The annual mean abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton were 1564 x 10 cells m(-3) and 121 individuals m(-3), respectively, with an annual mean zooplankton biomass of 129 mg m(-3). A total of 243 species of fish were sampled in the survey including many of high economic value. Three hundred and eighty-four species of benthos in 121 families were found by mud sampling and trawling. The average biomass of benthic organisms was 11.55 gm(-2), with a density of 31 individuals m(-2). Molluscs were the dominant group, followed by crustaceans; coelenterates exhibited the lowest biomass. One hundred and twenty-six species from 48 families of intertidal organisms were collected by frame sampling, with a mean annual biomass of 644.7 gm(-2) and average density of 816 individuals m(-2). The highest biomass of 1673.5 gm(-2) was collected in a coral reef region, while the highest density of 1219 individuals m(-2) occurred in a mangrove region. The coastline is characterized by coral reefs that accounts for 30% of the total coastline length in the bay, so coral reefs are a key ecosystem that are important for maintaining the regional marine resources and biodiversity. We need to pay much more attention to such diverse marine resources to maintain the integrity and function of these coastal ecosystems.     

川青块体及其向南东方向运动的新证据

根据近二十年地震活动性、震源机制、活断层及深部探测等方面研究进展提供的新证据,进一步论证了笔者(1980)提出的由鲜水河断裂带、舒尔干—花石峡断裂带、岷江断裂带和龙门山断裂带围限的川青地壳块体的存在及其向南东方向运动的合理性。     

Synchronous Transformations of Mineral and Organic Constituents of Sedimentary Rocks in Geological Structure with an Initial Extension and Subsequent Compression Tectonic Regime

Sedimentary rocks of the section in the Red River fold zone of northern Viet Nam are considered. It is shown that secondary mineral parageneses formed in two stages. The first stage (35–17 Ma ago) corresponded to the period of structure extension and sediment subsidence to a depth of about 6 km. This period and subsequent 10 Ma were marked by the formation of a usual dia- and catagenetic zoning of metasedimentary rocks. The second stage (5–7 Ma ago) corresponded to processes of compression that were responsible for the deformation of rocks into gentle folds and 1.5 to 2.2 times contraction of the section thickness in different places. The sequential–mineralogical zoning was disturbed at this stage. Smectites and mixed-layer minerals were replaced by chlorites and hydromicas. Organic material also responded to compression simultaneously with inorganic components. The bituminous component was released from humic matter and rocks became enriched in hydrocarbons.