Impact of the Vertical Velocity Field on Charging Processes and Charge Separation in a Simulated Thunderstorm

A three-dimensional(3D) charging-discharging cloud resolution model was used to investigate the impact of the vertical velocity field on the charging processes and the formation of charge structure in a strong thunderstorm. The distribution and evolution of ice particle content and charges on ice particles were analyzed in different vertical velocity fields. The results show that the ice particles in the vertical velocity range from 1 to 5 m s-1obtained the most charge through charging processes during the lifetime of the thunderstorm. The magnitude of the charges could reach 1014 n C. Before the beginning of lightning activity,the charges produced in updraft region 2(updraft speed 13 m s-1) and updraft region 1(updraft speed between 5 and 13 m s-1) were relatively significant. The magnitudes of charge reached 1013 n C, which clearly impacted upon the early lightning activity. The vertical velocity conditions in the quasi-steady region(updraft speed between –1 and 1 m s-1) were the most conducive for charge separation on ice particles on different scales. Accordingly, a net charge structure always appeared in the quasi-steady and adjacent regions. Based on the results, a conceptual model of ice particle charging, charge separation, and charge structure formation in the flow field was constructed. The model helps to explain observations of the"lightning hole" phenomenon.     

A brief introduction to BNU-HESM1.0 and its earth surface temperature simulations

Integrated assessment models and coupled earth system models both have their limitations in understanding the interactions between human activity and the physical earth system. In this paper,a new human–earth system model,BNUHESM1.0,constructed by combining the economic and climate damage components of the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate Change and Economy to the BNU-ESM model,is introduced. The ability of BNU-HESM1.0 in simulating the global CO2 concentration and surface temperature is also evaluated. We find that,compared to observation,BNU-HESM1.0underestimates the global CO2 concentration and its rising trend during 1965–2005,due to the uncertainty in the economic components. However,the surface temperature simulated by BNU-HESM1.0 is much closer to observation,resulting from the overestimates of surface temperature by the original BNU-ESM model. The uncertainty of BNU-ESM falls within the range of present earth system uncertainty,so it is the economic and climate damage component of BNU-HESM1.0 that needs to be improved through further study. However,the main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach to investigate the complex relationship between human activity and the earth system. It is hoped that it will inspire further ideas that prove valuable in guiding human activities appropriate for a sustainable future climate.     

天山南北坡流域气温时空变化特征

利用近50年新疆天山南北坡乌拉斯台河和乌鲁木齐河流域不同气象站点气温资料,对比分析了天山南北坡的气温变化趋势、入春与入夏时间、气温年极值、气温年较差及冬季逆温层变化特征。结果表明:天山南北坡显著升温时间约为1997年,北坡的乌鲁木齐气温增加趋势最大,为0.402℃·(10a)-1;南坡的库尔勒比乌鲁木齐入春、入夏早,乌鲁木齐主要入春、入夏时间分别为4月和6月,而库尔勒分别为3月和5月;北坡比南坡入春连续5天平均气温约高1℃,而两者入夏连续5天的平均气温接近;天山南北坡年最高气温的最大值、最小值和年平均最高气温随海拔的升高逐渐降低,而年最低气温的变化南北坡表现不一致,并且南北坡各站点的气温年较差随着高度的增加而减少;1月北坡逆温层的厚度大于南坡,北坡逆温层小渠子和蔡家湖的气温差变化趋势为-0.208℃·(10a)-1,南坡逆温层巴伦台和和静的气温差变化趋势为0.236℃·(10a)-1。     

基于特征指数合成影像的不透水面提取和分析

不透水面作为表征一个地区城市化水平的关键性指标,其时空变化特征与城市建设密切相关.以济南市重要的泉水补给区南部山区为研究对象,根据植被-不透水面-土壤(V-I-S)城市地表组分模型选取了NDVI、BCI、SBAI、MNDWI和NDUI 5种遥感特征指数构成合成影像,利用最大似然法对特征指数合成影像进行分类获取不透水面信...     

甘肃北山—河西走廊—祁连山区域地下水循环模式

山区地下水流动受到区域气候条件、地形地貌、地质构造等因素共同控制,限于资料有限,其流动模式与控制机理尚不清晰.特别是地处甘肃北山的高放废物地质处置库预选区、河西走廊以及祁连山北麓区域地下水的流动模式,直接决定了处置库在万年时间尺度上的安全性.基于区域遥感构造解译、地质构造演化分析、地球物理勘探以及水文地质钻探,获取了典...     

相对论自旋动力学系统的数值研究

<正>自旋致密双星是宇宙中的重要研究对象.其中,由恒星级致密天体绕转超大质量黑洞构成的极端质量比旋进系统(EMRIs)是美国宇航局LISA引力波探测计划的首选目标源之一,对其研究和观测不仅可以直接检验广义相对论的引力波预言,测量中央黑洞的质量和自旋,还可以揭示黑洞视界附近的基本物理性质,具有重要的物理和天体物理意义.     

2.4m望远镜网络安全初步设计

云南天文台将在2.4m望远镜建立远程观测系统。由于远程观测系统通过网络实现通信,必然会面临网络上的各种威胁。为了保证整个网络系统的安全,避免各种不安全因素造成的损失。在对现在望远镜网络分析基础上设计了安全的网络结构,并实现了具有入侵检测功能的防火墙,这些措施初步保障了2.4m望远镜网络系统的安全。     

2.4m望远镜曝光时间计算器的设计和实现

望远镜的曝光时间计算器对于远程观测以及不熟悉整个观测系统的观测人员尤为重要,因为它可以帮助观测者制定合理的观测计划。设计并实现了高美古2.4m望远镜系统的曝光时间计算器(exposuretimecalculator,ETC),它可以根据望远镜及其终端设备的参数,通过计算给出待测天体曝光时间的参考值。这为观测者了解现有条件下极限观测能力,设置曝光时间或者是给定星等和曝光时间计算信噪比提供了依据。将ETC计算结果与实际测光标准星的数据进行了比较,结果表明ETC对测光标准星的计算结果是可靠的。