沙坡头地区新月形沙丘粒度特征

由腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头附近新月形沙丘表面沉积物的系统采集分析结果,发现从北部沙漠主体向黄河南岸,沙丘沙平均粒径变细但分选变差。同时,粒径及分选性在沙丘断面出现两种变化模式,其一是沙漠主体新月形沙丘由两侧坡部向丘顶区域粒径变细分选变好;其二为黄河两岸阶地和湖盆滩地的新月形沙丘丘顶沙粒粗于其它部位但分选仍然最好。根据粒度参数间的相互关系和其它环境条件的分析,对沙丘沙粒度变化的原因及偏度等也作了初步探讨。     

沙丘背风侧气流的变化特征及其意义

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格沙丘主、副梁和新月形形沙丘表面气流的野外发现分离流、附着未偏向流和附着偏向流等３种背风坡次生气流。前者以弱的反向流为特征，多发生在横向气流条件下，坡度较陡的背风坡上；后二者具有相对高的风速，多发生在坡度缓和的背风坡上，其方向在横向气流条件下保持原来的方向，在斜向气流作用下发生偏转，且其强度为原始风入射角的余统函数，根据３种次生气流强度，方向等特征，阐述了其相应的风成沉积过程和可能产生的层理类型，并对利用风成交错层理恢复古气流环境中的有关问题作了初步探讨。     

农户在防震抗震方面的行为研究

我国农民大多未受过地震灾害的袭击,缺乏居安思危的意识,政府在抗震技术和房屋抗震设防方面缺少监管,农户受资金、抗震设防知识等因素的制约,在建房时不进行正规设计,在建筑材料的选择上采用比较廉价的不合格的材料,在施工时不注重建筑质量,而把大量的资金用于装修上,从而导致农村居民建筑的"小震级,大震害"的现象层出不穷。     

河西走廊西端花海断裂晚第四纪活动特征

花海断裂是位于河西走廊西端阿尔金断裂系北侧花海盆地内的一条活动断裂,对该断裂活动性的认识不仅有助于评估该区的地震危险性,而且对深入理解青藏高原向北扩展过程中块体相互作用具有重要的科学意义。遥感解译与地震地质调查表明,花海断裂仅局限于花海盆地内,长度约25 km。断裂走向NNW,南端起自花海镇以南,向北经小泉、大泉、双泉子后穿过山水河,向北逐渐消失在北山山前大型冲积扇前。地貌上,花海断裂南部表现为线性延伸的断层陡坎,北段构成了风成砂丘与冲洪积扇的界线。在断裂北段跨断层陡坎进行了探槽开挖,探槽揭露和光释光年代学测试结果表明,该断裂最新一次古地震事件的时间距今约5万年,全新世以来没有明显的活动迹象,为晚更新世活动断裂。结合陡坎位错分析,花海断裂晚第四纪以来垂直滑动速率小于0.03 mm/a。区域大地构造动力学背景分析表明,花海断裂是在青藏高原向北扩展作用下盆地内形成的次一级活动断裂,是高原外围块体对青藏高原向外扩展的响应。     

喀斯特区天然林不同演替阶段功能性状特征及其影响因素研究——以云南大黑山为例

不同演替阶段群落的环境条件有所不同,变化的环境因子驱使群落水平上功能性状和物种适应环境的生态对策改变,然而次生演替过程中群落功能性状和物种生态对策随演替时间的变化规律尚不清楚.本文以云南大黑山喀斯特地区弃耕后处于不同恢复阶段的天然次生林(3年,6年,20年,40年)和老龄林为研究对象,结合不同群落演替阶段的物种特征和群落结构,分析不同演替阶段叶、枝功能性状的变化规律,以及功能性状与环境因子的关系.结果表明:(1)随着演替的进行,土壤养分(除磷外)和水分逐渐增加,土壤容重先下降后趋于稳定,土壤pH变化不明显;比叶面积逐渐下降,叶片干物质含量和潜在最大高度逐渐增大.叶和枝的氮含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,磷含量均下降,N:P总体呈上升趋势.(2)冗余分析表明,演替早期灌木林阶段主要分布在土壤容重高,水分和养分相对匮乏的环境中,植物往往采取高养分含量、高光合速率、短寿命的开放性策略;演替后期乔木林阶段主要分布在土壤水分和养分相对肥沃的环境中,耐阴树种逐渐占据主导地位,植物通常采取低养分含量、低光合速率、长寿命的保守性策略.其中,土壤含水量、全氮含量、容重和有机质是影响喀斯特植物演替过程中功能性状变化的关键环境因子.研究喀斯特植物功能性状与环境因素随演替的变化规律,以及功能性状如何响应环境变化,旨在为今后科学指导人工植物群落构建和防止植被退化提供依据.     

"美丽冰冻圈"融入区域发展的途径与模式

在探讨“美丽冰冻圈”内涵的基础上,从自然属性与社会经济两个层面、致利与致害两条线,分析了“美丽冰冻圈”与区域可持续发展的关系,“美丽冰冻圈”、区域社会经济发展、人类福祉构成冰冻圈—人类社会经济复合命运共同体。基于中国冰冻圈要素及其变化影响的区域差异性,选取祁连山—河西地区、青藏高原三江源地区、横断山大香格里拉地区,分别代表冰冻圈水资源影响区、冰冻圈灾害影响区、冰冻圈旅游经济区,围绕冰冻圈水资源服务与绿洲经济、雪灾害风险与畜牧业经济、冰雪旅游与区域经济等核心问题,从冰冻圈资源服务与灾害风险视角,详细阐述了冰冻圈融入不同区域发展的途径与模式。在干旱半干旱内陆地区,冰冻圈主要以水源涵养、水量供给与径流调节服务,融入绿洲社会经济发展,是一种冰冻圈水资源支撑型区域发展模式;在青藏高原高寒区,冰冻圈生态环境决定了畜牧业经济的脆弱性,冰冻圈灾害负向影响畜牧业经济,是一种冰冻圈生态支撑+灾害影响型区域发展模式;在冰冻圈旅游经济区,直接依托冰雪资源发展冰雪旅游业,是一种基于冰冻圈资源的旅游经济驱动型区域发展模式。     

NEW DISCOVERY OF RESHUI-TAOSTUO RIVER FAULT IN DULAN,QINGHAI PROVINCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The 40km-long, NEE trending Reshui-Taostuo River Fault was found in the southern Dulan-Chaka highland by recent field investigation, which is a strike-slip fault with some normal component. DEM data was generated by small unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)on key geomorphic units with resolution<0.05m. Based on the interpretation and field investigation, we get two conclusions:1)It is the first time to define the Reshui-Taostuo River Fault, and the fault is 40km long with a 6km-long surface rupture; 2)There are left-handed dislocations in the gullies and terraces cut by the fault. On the high-resolution DEM image obtained by UAV, the offsets are(9.3±0.5) m, (17.9±1.5) m, and(36.8±2) m, measured by topographic profile recovery of gullies. The recovery measurements of two terraces present that the horizontal offset of T₁/T₀ is(18.2±1.5) m and the T₂/T₁ is (35.8±2) m, which is consistent with the offsets from gullies. According to the historical earthquake records, a M5 3/4 earthquake on April 10, 1938 and a M_S5.0 earthquake on March 21, 1952 occurred at the eastern end of the surface rupture, which may be related to the activity of the fault. By checking the county records of Dulan and other relevant data, we find that there are no literature records about the two earthquakes, which is possibly due to the far distance to the epicenter at that time, the scarcity of population in Dulan, or that the earthquake occurred too long ago that led to losing its records. The southernmost ends of the Eastern Kunlun Fault and the Elashan Fault converge to form a wedge-shaped extruded fault block toward the northwest. The Dulan Basin, located at the end of the wedge-shaped fault block, is affected by regional NE and SW principal compressive stress and the shear stress of the two boundary faults. The Dulan Basin experienced a complex deformation process of compression accompanying with extension. In the process of extrusion, the specific form of extension is the strike-slip faults at each side of the wedge, and there is indeed a north-east and south-west compression between the two controlling wedge-shaped fault block boundary faults, the Eastern Kunlun and Elashan Faults. The inferred mechanism of triangular wedge extrusion deformation in this area is quite different from the pure rigid extrusion model. Therefore, Dulan Basin is a wedge-shaped block sandwiched between the two large-scale strike-slip faults. Due to the compression of the northeast and southwest directions of the region, the peripheral faults of the Dulan Basin form a series of southeast converging plume thrust faults on the northeast edge of the basin near the Elashan Fault, which are parallel to the Elashan Fault in morphology and may converge with the Elashan Fault in subsurface. The southern marginal fault of the Dulan Basin(Reshui-Taostuo River Fault)near the Eastern Kunlun fault zone is jointly affected by the left-lateral strike-slip Eastern Kunlun Fault and the right-lateral strike-slip Elashan Fault, presenting a left-lateral strike-slip characteristic. Meanwhile, the wedge-shaped fault block extrudes to the northwest, causing local extension at the southeast end, and the fault shows the extensional deformation. These faults absorb or transform the shear stress in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Therefore, our discovery of the Dulan Reshui-Taostuo River Fault provides important constraints for better understanding of the internal deformation mode and mechanism of the fault block in the northeastern Tibetan plateau. The strike of Reshui-Taostuo River Fault is different from the southern marginal fault of the Qaidam Basin. The Qaidam south marginal burial fault is the boundary fault between the Qaidam Basin and the East Kunlun structural belt, with a total length of ~500km. The geophysical data show that Qaidam south marginal burial fault forms at the boundary between the positive gravity anomaly of the southern East Kunlun structural belt and the negative gravity anomaly gradient zone of the northern Qaidam Basin, showing as a thrust fault towards the basin. The western segment of the fault was active at late Pleistocene, and the eastern segment near Dulan County was active at early-middle Pleistocene. The Reshui-Taostuo River Fault is characterized by sinistral strike-slip with a normal component. The field evidence indicates that the latest active period of this fault was Holocene, with a total length of only 40km. Neither remote sensing image interpretation nor field investigation indicate the fault extends further westward and intersects with the Qaidam south marginal burial fault. Moreover, it shows that its strike is relatively consistent with the East Kunlun fault zone in spatial distribution and has a certain angle with the burial fault in the southern margin of Qaidam Basin. Therefore, there is no structural connection between the Reshui-Taostuo River Fault and the Qaidam south marginal burial fault.     

中国南海北部陆架区更新世晚期沉积物年代学及古环境研究——以DG钻孔为例

大陆架作为海陆相互作用的关键地区,对于研究大陆的构造演化、海陆变迁、海平面升降以及气候变化具有重要意义。然而由于不同研究方法的局限性,目前对大陆架沉积物年代学及其蕴含地质信息的认识仍然不足。南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海,是全球海洋沉积作用最为活跃的地区之一,也是海陆相互作用最为典型的区域。作为东亚大陆物质的主要沉积区,南海已经受到了学术界越来越多的关注。然而,目前的研究工作主要集中于沉积连续、信号记录稳定但沉积速率较慢、总体分辨率较低的深海区沉积物。相对而言,沉积速率较快、分辨率较高的浅海大陆架沉积为高分辨率年代学和古环境的研究提供了重要的地质材料,但由于大陆架沉积环境动荡导致沉积信号记录不稳定甚至缺失。针对南海大陆架沉积,尤其是对钻孔沉积物高分辨率年代学研究仍相对较少,限制了对南海构造与气候演化过程的认识。为了更好地限定南海北部陆架区更新世晚期沉积物的年代,研究其中蕴含的古环境信息,探讨东亚地区气候变化的驱动机制问题,同时为南海海域活动构造研究提供年代学框架,文中以南海北部DG钻孔为研究对象,在微体古生物化石和碳同位素年龄(¹⁴C)数据的基础上,利用大陆架沉积物磁...     

全国农村民居抗震性能综述

地震灾害对农村的影响巨大,如何提高农村民居工程的抗震性能变得至关重要。通过文献调查、对比的方法,重点阐述全国农村民居的抗震性能现状,在对比基础上提出各地农村民居抗震性能的优劣情况,并探寻提高农村民居抗震性能的方式方法。     

Modbus协议在水质监测仪器中的应用

介绍一种水质监测仪器中,单片机与触摸屏之间应用Modbus协议进行串行通信的方法,简要介绍了Modbus协议,并给出了程序工作流程图.实际应用表明,该方案能够实现触摸屏与单片机之间稳定、可靠的连接.