Impacts of the Detection of Cassiopeia A Point Source

Very recently the Chandra first light observation discovered a point-like source in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant. This detection was subsequently confirmed by the analyses of the archival data from both ROSAT and Einstein observations. Here we compare the results from these observations with the scenarios involving both black holes (BHs) and neutron stars (NSs). If this point source is a BH, we offer as a promising model a disk-corona type model with a low accretion rate in which a soft photon source at approximately 0.1 keV is Comptonized by higher energy electrons in the corona. If it is an NS, the dominant radiation observed by Chandra most likely originates from smaller, hotter regions of the stellar surface, but we argue that it is still worthwhile to compare the cooler component from the rest of the surface with cooling theories. We emphasize that the detection of this point source itself should potentially provide enormous impacts on the theories of supernova explosion, progenitor scenario, compact remnant formation, accretion to compact objects, and NS thermal evolution.     

变质成因铀矿床成矿时含矿物质的来源

目前,在世界许多地盾和古地台地区发现了大量铀矿床,它们赋存于结晶片岩、变质砾岩、片麻岩和不同成分的花岗岩类岩石当中。这些矿床的产状呈层状、柱状、细脉浸染状及脉状分布。据同位素年龄测定,它们的时代系前寒武纪,从成矿条件来看它们与变质作用有密切的关系。这类矿床往往构成巨大的含矿区,蕴藏着可观的铀储量。有鉴于此,这些矿床经常引起许多地质和采矿人员的关注。诸如早为人们所熟知的加拿大布兰德河和南非维特瓦特斯兰德的层状含铀砾岩矿床、澳大利亚北部阿利盖特河结晶片岩中的层状和柱状矿床、加拿大阿萨巴斯卡湖细脉浸染状钠-铀建造矿床以及瑞典北部阿尔汶朴罗·阿尔维约尔含矿省等,就是这类矿床的实例。     

A mechanism for anomalous decline in radon precursory to an earthquake

Mechanisms for interpreting anomalous decreases in radon in ground water prior to earthquakes are examined with the help of a case study to show that radon potentially is a sensitive tracer of strain changes in the crust preceding an earthquake. The 2003 Chengkung earthquake of magnitude (M) 6.8 on December 10, 2003, was the strongest earthquake near the Chengkung area in eastern Taiwan since 1951. The Antung radon-monitoring station was located 20 km from the epicenter. Approximately 65 d prior to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake, precursory changes in radon concentration in ground water were observed. Specifically, radon decreased from a background level of 780 pCi/L to a minimum of 330 pCi/L. The Antung hot spring is situated in a fractured block of tuffaceous sandstone surrounded by ductile mudstone. Given these geological conditions, we hypothesized that the dilation of brittle rock mass occurred at a rate faster than the recharge of pore water and gas saturation developed in newly created cracks preceding the earthquake. Radon partitioning into the gas phase may explain the anomalous decrease of radon precursory to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake. To support the hypothesis, vapor-liquid, two-phase radon-partitioning experiments were conducted at formation temperature (60 degrees C) using formation brine from the Antung hot spring. Experimental data indicated that the decrease in radon required a gas saturation of 10% developed in rock cracks. The observed decline in radon can be correlated with the increase in gas saturation and then with the volumetric strain change for a given fracture porosity.     

测量方案的最优选择

本文提出了为解决某一特定问题而比较选择可能的测绘方案的方法,通过实例说明运用效益／费用模型比较各种方案,并从中选择最经济方案的方法,本文提出最优方案的选择基于以下途径;（１）使费用最少;（２）使精度最高或误差最小;（３）使产品用户最多,针对现行整体费用－效益估价因素,本文建议采用更切合实际的费用－效益估价因素。     

亚暴事件中磁尾多重等离子体团的数值研究（Ⅰ）

GEOTAIL卫星于1994年1月15日亚暴期间,在深磁尾（x＝96RE）观测到多重等离子体团及与之相对应的高能离子爆,作者以宁静磁尾平衡位形为初态,考虑介质的可压缩性,数值研究亚暴期间磁尾动力学过程．计算结果展现了等离子体团间歇性形成及其运动发展过程．体现了强亚暴事件中储存于碰尾的能量,通过多重等离子体团的排放而逐渐释放的进程．数值结果还表明：持续施加于边界上的晨昏电场及由此引发的驱动重联是导致等离子体团准周期形成的主要因素．此外,作者还考察尾瓣内任一点磁场强度及其分量随时间的演化,它与行进压缩区（TCRs）的观测特征基本相符．     

阿拉木图预报试验场地震的形变前兆

地壳形变的研究在评估地震危险性和地震预报中具有重要的作用。哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图地震预报试验场地壳形变观测包括大地测量、GPS卫星观测、光测距仪、形变仪和倾斜。大地测量和卫星测量形变值为10-4～10-5单位,光测距形变为10-7单位,形变计达10-8单位。根据大地测量资料,预测卡什切克、契里克和扎拉纳什—丘普三个地区有地震危险。此地区地表垂直运动速度与过去比较现在达到了最大值,约5mm／a,而通常为2～3mm／a。1992～1995年GPS卫星测量资料也证实伊塞克湖南部的水平和垂直形变增高。根据土尔根站和伊日维什特科维依站形变观测资料的谱分析结构认为,形变值的周期成分既反映了外在因素（气压、气温、降水）又反映了内在作用的异常变化。1978年3月25日扎拉纳什—丘普地震时各条测线形变就出现异常高值。前兆异常可达10－5单位,震中距超过50km。异常时间表现在震前1个月内。     

热带气旋中一级环流的时间变化

对13年中的19个大西洋飓风和热带风暴所收集的900多条现场飞机观测的径向剖面证实,通常热带气旋加强的机制与轴对称旋转风最大风速圈的收缩有关。雷达显示,环状的对流回波与最大风速相伴随。这些特征称之为对流环,其存在和向内移动是由于环中潜热释放引起在环所包围的区域内下沉绝热增温和等压面高度迅速下降。等压面高度下降率的径向变化集中在最大风速圈的内缘,造成该处梯度风增大和最大风速圈向内收缩。组织成为环状的旺盛对流,总是造成最大风速圈清楚地向内移动;但是当对流弱时,对流环也弱或者甚至不出现。在这种情况下,旋转风在径向上可以近于常数,并随着时间缓慢变化。具有单一轴对称活跃对流环的飓风,其加强很迅速。虽然一系列较弱的对流环可以支持稳定的加强,但发展比较普遍是阶段性的。当不对称的对流在靠近热带风暴或弱飓风的中心附近爆发时,可使增强停止,并使气旋路径变得不规律。在强的飓风中,外对流环可以围绕着先前的眼壁形成,向内收缩,并抑制先前的眼壁,使其停止发展或引起减弱。