尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆带油源对比及油气成藏

尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆带油气苗来源不清极大地影响了该区油气勘探.在地质-地球物理综合调查的基础上,利用油气地球化学、碳同位素及生烃史模拟对尼泊尔代莱克地区油源和成藏过程进行了研究.结果表明:①尼泊尔代莱克地区油苗产于Padukasthan断裂,可分两期,第一期呈含油断层泥产出,氯仿沥青"A"为149～231 μg/g,RR.为0.81％,氯仿沥青"A"的δ13C相对较重(-26.24‰～-27.10‰),族组分具有正碳同位素序列,发黄绿色荧光,为典型的低熟煤成油,第二期呈液态油产出并遭受微生物降解,金刚烷IMD指数为0.33～0.45,R.为1.24％～1.53％,3,4-DMD含量46％～47％,全油δ13C为-29.50‰～-29.45‰,族组分碳同位素趋于一致,发蓝色荧光,为海相成因高熟油;②第一期油来源于Surkhet群的Melpani组和Gondwana群煤系烃源岩,为Ⅲ型有机质低熟阶段的产物,第二期来源于Surkhet群的Swat组浅海陆棚相黑色页岩,为Ⅱ1型有机质生油高峰的产物,两期油与Lakharpata群过成熟黑色泥岩和Siwalik群未熟泥岩没有亲缘关系;③尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆带具有"多源多期、推覆增熟、砂体控储、披覆控聚"的油气成藏模式,油气成藏过程可划分为沉积浅埋、构造圈闭形成、深埋油藏形成、气藏形成和晚期改造定型5个演化阶段;④尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆有利于Gondwana群、Surkhet群深埋增温、持续快速生烃和晚期成藏,对比邻区巴基斯坦的含油气盆地,尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆带及相邻类似地区具备良好的油气成藏条件.     

水文双变量重现期分析及在干旱中应用

单变量水文统计中一些广为接受的概念在多变量环境下尚缺乏深入分析,也易被误解,如N年内重现期大于等于T的多变量事件发生的次数与N/T的关系。实践中,多变量联合重现期与其边缘分布变量重现期的一些经验关系被发现并通过了案例验证分析,但缺乏解释和推导。基于GH Copula推导了双变量联合重现期与边缘分布变量重现期的关系以及双变量事件发生次数与其重现期、变量相关程度间的定量关系。以昆明56年的逐月SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index)和SRI(Standardized Runoff Index)识别了干旱事件,采用GH Copula构建了干旱历时和烈度的联合分布函数,验证了双变量联合重现期与边缘分布变量重现期的关系以及多变量事件发生次数与其重现期的定量关系。表明不宜以“and”第1重现期是否接近于比该干旱事件的旱情更重的干旱发生的平均时间间隔来说明干旱特征值重现期分析的合理性。变量的相关性不强时,需谨慎采用边缘分布变量重现期的较大值近似代替“and”事件的第1重现期。     

From Paleogeographic maps to Evolving Deep-time Digital Earth models

正Major advances in computational power,as well as community modelling workflows and an improvement in data availability,has revolutionized Earth sciences over the last decade.Geological data has been synthesized into flexible and open access plate tectonic and paleogeographic reconstructions using the open-source and cross-platform GPlates (www.gplates.org)software since 2008 (Muller et al.,2018;Muller et al.,2008).These digital plate     

俯冲带壳-幔相互作用的高温高压实验:对地幔不均一性成因的启示

使用活塞-圆筒式高温高压装置进行一系列榴辉岩部分熔融熔体与橄榄岩反应实验,可以为深入了解俯冲带壳-幔相互作用的影响因素及地幔不均一性的成因提供重要信息.实验使用反应偶的方法,并在0.8~3.0 GPa和1 200~1 425℃条件下进行.实验结果表明,榴辉岩部分熔融熔体-橄榄岩反应的动力学和结果受控于熔体主量元素成分、熔体中的H₂O、温度、压力和橄榄岩的物理状态等因素.大陆俯冲带地幔岩石中斜方辉石的富集是再循环陆壳熔体与上覆地幔反应的结果,地幔岩石中斜方辉石岩脉的形成与含水熔体交代有关,地幔岩石中的石榴辉石岩和石榴石岩可能形成于高压、低温条件下的熔体-橄榄岩反应.      

徐淮早白垩世埃达克质岩中含橄榄石单斜辉石岩的成因及其岩石学意义

报道了徐淮地区早白垩世埃达克质岩中首次发现的含橄榄石单斜辉石岩捕虏体的岩相学与矿物化学资料, 该类捕虏体显示堆积结构、块状构造, 主要由单斜辉石(~80%)、斜方辉石(~5%)、橄榄石(~5%)和普通角闪石(~10%)组成.橄榄石外侧发育有斜方辉石反应边, 角闪石沿辉石粒间分布, 呈嵌晶结构.矿物化学分析结果表明: 橄榄石的镁橄榄石分子值(Fo)=77.7~79.3, Ni=623×10-6~773×10-6; 斜方辉石的Mg#=75.6~80.2, Cr=161×10-6~684×10-6, Ni=79×10-6~708×10-6; 单斜辉石的Mg#=84.5~86.4, CaO=21.59%~23.13%, Al₂O₃=1.72%~2.44%.上述矿物与中、新生代玄武岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石斑晶以及堆积成因辉石岩中的斜方辉石和单斜辉石成分类似.此外, 单斜辉石的稀土配分型式以相对富含中稀土元素的上凸型为特征, 稀土元素含量较低(∑REE=10.14×10-6~12.71×10-6), 无明显的铕异常(δEu=0.90~1.16), 类似于新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶.捕虏体中的普通角闪石的Mg#=74.0~80.4、SiO₂=43.2%~44.5%、Na₂O=2.04%~2.29%, 稀土元素分馏不明显, 显示亏损高场强元素(HFSEs, 如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf), 富集Sr、Rb、Ba的特征, 与新生代玄武岩中角闪石捕虏晶成分不同.结合其嵌晶结构, 普通角闪石应是寄主岩浆贯入结晶的产物.综合上述特征, 可以看出含橄榄石单斜辉石捕虏体为镁铁质岩浆高压堆晶成因.结合华北克拉通东部早白垩世双峰式火山岩组合的出现, 推断含橄榄石单斜辉石岩捕虏体可能是早白垩世基性岩浆底侵的产物.      

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711600030X

Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at 10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at 20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at 15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only 10 ℃ for 10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115001516

The Semail ophiolite of Oman and the United Arab Emirates(UAE) provides the best preserved large slice of oceanic lithosphere exposed on the continental crust,and offers unique opportunities to study processes of ocean crust formation,subduction initiation and obduction.Metamorphic rocks exposed in the eastern UAE have traditionally been interpreted as a metamorphic sole to the Semail ophiolite.However,there has been some debate over the possibility that the exposures contain components of older Arabian continental crust.To help answer this question,presented here are new zircon and rutile U-Pb geochronological data from various units of the metamorphic rocks.Zircon was absent in most samples.Those that yielded zircon and rutile provide dominant single age populations that are 95-93 Ma,partially overlapping with the known age of oceanic crust formation(96.5-94.5 Ma),and partially overlapping with cooling ages of the metamorphic rocks(95-90 Ma).The data are interpreted as dating high-grade metamorphism during subduction burial of the sediments into hot mantle lithosphere,and rapid cooling during their subsequent exhumation.A few discordant zircon ages,interpreted as late Neoproterozoic and younger,represent minor detrital input from the continent.No evidence is found in favour of the existence of older Arabian continental crust within the metamorphic rocks of the UAE.     

The Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic passive margin Lajeado Group and Apiaí Gabbro,Southeastern Brazil

The Lajeado Group in the Ribeira Belt,southeastern Brazil,corresponds to an open-sea carbonate platform,comprised of seven overlapping siliciclastic and carbonatic formations,intruded in its upper portion by the Apiai Gabbro.These rocks have a Neoproterozoic tectonometamorphic overprint related to arc magmatism and the Brasiliano collisional orogeny.Geochronological constraints are given by new UPb SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS data for Lajeado Group detrital zircons and for magmatic zircons from the Apiai Gabbro.The youngest detrital zircons in the Lajeado Group are 1400-1200 Ma,and constrain its maximum age of deposition to be 1200 Ma,whereas the 877 ± 8 Ma age for magmatic zircons in the Apiai Gabbro give the minimum age.Detritus source areas are mainly Paleoproterozoic(2200-1800 Ma)with some Archean and Mesoproterozoic contribution(1500-1200 Ma),with distal or tectonic stable cratonic character.The Lajeado Group should be a Stenian-Tonian carbonate platform passive margin of a continent at this time,namely the Columbia/Nuna or the Rodinia.The Apiai Gabbro displays similar age to other intrusive basic rocks in the Lajeado and Itaiacoca groups and represents tholeiitic MORB-like magmatism that we relate to the initial break-up of a Mesoproterozoic continent and the formation of the Brasiliano oceans.     

Cambrian Stem-group Cnidarians with a New Species from the Cambrian Series 3 of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea

Five species, Lipopora lissa Jell and Jell, 1976, Lipopora daseia Jell and Jell, 1976, Tretocylichne perplexa Engelbretsen, 1993 from Australia, Cambroctoconus orientalis Park, Woo, Lee, Lee, Lee, Han and Chough, 2011 from China, and Cambroctoconus kyrgyzstanicus Peel, 2014 from Kyrgyzstan, belonging to the Cambrian stem-group cnidarians have been documented in the fossil record. Cambroctoconus coreaensis sp. nov., interpreted here as a stem-group cnidarian, from the Seokgaejae section in the Daegi Formation, Taebaek Group (Cambrian Series 3), Taebaeksan Basin, central-eastern Korean Peninsula, has a slender cup-shaped skeleton. A cladistic analysis produced 21 most parsimonious trees, which invariably placed the six stem-group cnidarians below the crown-group, but their relationships within the stem-group are unresolved. Nine out of the 21 trees suggest a monophyletic relationship for the Cambrian stem-group cnidarians, whereas in six other trees a monophyly of Cambroctoconus and Tretocylichne appeared as the sister-group to the crown-group cnidarians with Lipopora at the most basal branch. This result may reflect the fact that crown-group cnidarians evolved in the Precambrian, and suggests that the diversity of stem-group cnidarians was a result of an independent radiation in the Cambrian.     

Early Cretaceous Climate Changes Recorded in Magnetic Susceptibility and Color Index Variations of the Lower Liupanshan Group, Central China

This study carried out comprehensive analysis on sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility(χlf) and color data of the continental sediments of the Liupanshan Group in Central China so as to obtain climatic change information during the 129.14–122.98 Ma interval. Based on the results of the ?lf and of the redness(a*), the section can be divided into two segments:(1) 129.14–126.3 Ma, with the lowest ?lf values and strongly variable relatively high values of redness and(2) 126.3–122.98 Ma, with high ?lf values and relatively low redness. Analysis of the lithology and facies as well as the magnetic minerals and their contents points to a detrital origin of the magnetic minerals and this allow us to interpret the relationship between magnetic susceptibility variations and climate changes. Our study shows that the climate was significantly dry and hot during the whole studied interval although the interval between 126.3 Ma and 122.98 was a little bit cooler with increased humidity.