Methodology of hydrogeological characterization of deep carbonate aquifers as potential reservoirs of groundwater. Case of study: the Jurassic aquifer of <Emphasis Type="Italic">El Maestrazgo</Emphasis> (Castellón,Spain)

A methodology for the characterization of deep carbonate aquifers has been developed and applied to El Maestrazgo Jurassic aquifer in Castellón, Spain. Characterization of these aquifer formations, located at more than 300 m deep, consisted of a previous phase of compilation, analysis and synthesis of the existing information about the area, followed by a coordinated combination of different speciality studies: geology, stratigraphy, structural analysis, hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, geophysics and remote sensing. Geological studies included geological mapping, definition of stratigraphical units and facies and structural analysis. The aim of the hydrogeology study was to define aquifer formations, recharge area, aquifer points inventory and groundwater flow directions for the establishment of piezometric and water quality observation nets. Special techniques were applied, like thermal infrared aerial images and the evaluation of submarine groundwater discharge by means of natural radium isotopes. Hydrochemical techniques, including majority elements characterization and stable isotopes (¹⁸O, ²H and ³H) determination, allowed classifying hydrochemical facies and establishing a renewal pattern for water within the system. Geophysics was useful in determining the aquifer geometry, the features of the basement and the petrophysical characteristics of the geological formations. Preliminary results show an important tectonic complexity and the possibilities for groundwater uses in the area of study.     

AERIAL SURVEY: COLONY OF HONG KONG

This paper describes the planning and implementation of a very extensive aerial survey contract undertaken by Hunting Surveys on behalf of the Hong Kong Government. From photography carried out during January and February 1963, photogrammetric plotting at 1 : 600 and 1 : 1200 proceeded steadily over a period of 5 years to the point where all but the highest land in the Colony had been surveyed at one or other of these two large scales. The problems arising from the rather unique terrain conditions and the urban and industrial development of Hong Kong are dealt with mainly from the photographic and photogrammetric aspect but reference is made to the contribution of the Crown Lands and Survey Office of the Public Works Department of Hong Kong, who provided all ground control and undertook field verification.     

THE COMPUTATION OF SINGLE STRIPS IN PLAN

This paper discusses a simple method of computing independent strips under certain reasonable approximations. It is shown that, if the method is regarded as if it were computation by polynomials, the order of the polynomial is decided by the nature of the control provided and not by the number of controlled models. This conclusion should throw some light on the vexed (and perennial) problem of the choice of orders for polynomials.     

On the application of turbulence theory to the determination of marine evaporation

Summary Simultaneous measurements of wind, air temperature, and humidity profiles as well as of evaporation, presented byTakahashi (1958), were compared with relevant formulae suggested by turbulence theory. Satisfactory agreement could be achieved if, near the sea surface, the influence of molecular diffusion and, at higher levels, the effect of thermal stratification on the profiles were taken into account in addition to a suitable reduction of the value of evaporation obtained by means of a floating pan.The chief results of this report have been presented on 27th April 1962 to the Tenth Yearly Meeting of theSocietà Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia (Genova: 26–28 April 1962).     

Röntgenmikroanalytische untersuchungen an titanomagnetiten tertiärer eflfusiva zur lösung gesteinsmagnetischer fragen

Zusammenfassung Gesteinsmagnetische Studien haben gezeigt, daß für das Verstandnis des jeweiligen magnetischen Verhaltens von Gesteinen u. a. detaillierte mineralogischoptische und nicht zuletzt chemische Untersuchungen nötig Bind. Zum Studiurim der Verteilung der Elemente im Erzkorn wurde die Röntgenmikroanalyse benutzt.Die Methode der Röntgenmikroanalyse wird beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen an Titanomagnetiten tertiärer Effusiva kennzeichnen die Inhomogenität der chemischen Verteilung im Erzkorn und lassen die Klärung von Phänomenen zu, die mit Hilfe der durchschnittlichen chemischen Analyse Bowie magnetothermischen u. a. Untersuchungen nicht möglich war.

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Studies on magnetic rocks have demonstrated that detailed informations on composition within ore-particles are needed in order to understand the respective magnetic behaviour. For studying such compositions microanalytic X-ray methods are used.The applied microanalyser is described.Results, gained on this way with tertiary effusiva, let recognize the inhomogenity of composition e.g. within titanomagnetites. They allow clarifying of phenomena, which cannot be understood on another way.

     

Spatial variability in the primary productivity in the East China Sea and its adjacent waters

Primary productivity in the East China Sea and its adjacent area was measured by the¹³C tracer method during winter, summer and fall in 1993 and 1994. The depth-integrated primary productivity in the Kuroshio Current ranged from 220 to 350 mgC m⁻²d⁻¹, and showed little seasonal variability. High primary productivity (above 570 mgC m⁻²d⁻¹) was measured at the center of the continental shelf throughout the observation period. The productivity at the station nearest to the Changjiang estuary exhibited a distinctive seasonal change from 68 to 1,500 mgC m⁻²d⁻¹. Depth-integrated primary productivity was 2.7 times higher in the shelf area than the rates at the Kuroshio Current. High chlorophyll-a specific productivity (mgC mgChl.-a⁻²d⁻¹) throughout the euphotic zone was mainly found in the shelf area rather than off-shelf area, probably due to higher nutrient availability and higher activity of phytoplankton at the subsurface layer in the shelf area.     

Magnitude-frequency relationship of coastal sand delivery by a southern California stream

Coastal sand delivery by a stream in southern California is estimated based on a numerical model which stimulates unsteady flow, sediment transport, and the associated channel adjustments for a stream-delta system. An average annual sediment yield of 51,400 m³/yr is estimated for the San Dieguito River, which drains a semiarid watershed controlled by dams. Of the total sand delivery by the stream, 20.5 percent is contributed from floods greater than the 100-year flood; 17.6 percent from those between the 50- and 100-year events; 28.4 percent from those between the 25- and 50 year floods; and 33.5 percent from those smaller than the 25-year flood.