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Eclogites from the North Qilian suture zone are high‐pressure low‐temperature metamorphic rocks of ocean crust protolith, and occur in both massive and foliated varieties as individual blocks of tens to hundreds of metres in size. The massive type is weakly deformed and shows granoblastic texture characterized by a coarse‐grained peak mineral assemblage of Grt1 + Omp1 + Ph + Rt ± Lws (or retrograde Cz). In contrast, the foliated type is strongly deformed and shows a fine‐grained retrograde mineral assemblage of Grt2 + Omp2 + Cz + Gln + Ph. Both total FeO and aegirine contents in omphacite, as well as XFe[=Fe3+/(Fe3+ + AlVI)] in clinozoisite/epidote, increase significantly from massive to foliated eclogites. Lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of omphacite, determined by electron back‐scatter diffraction analysis, is characterized by weak and strong SL‐type fabrics for massive and foliated eclogites, respectively. Clinozoisite/epidote also developed SL‐type fabric, but different from the LPOs of omphacite in <010> and <001> axes, owing to their opposite crystallographic long and short axis definitions. The transition of deformation mechanism from dislocation creep to diffusive mass transfer (DMT) creep in omphacite and the concomitant retrograde metamorphism both are efficiently facilitated when the original coarse‐grained Omp1 + Grt1 + Lws assemblage is dynamically recrystallized and retrogressed into the fine‐grained Fe3+‐rich assemblage of Omp2 + Grt2 + Cz + Gln. The DMT process with concomitant anisotropic growth assisted by fluids is considered to be an important deformation mechanism for most minerals in the foliated eclogite. P–T estimates yielded 2.3–2.6 GPa and 485?510 °C for the massive eclogite and 1.8–2.2 GPa and 450?480 °C for the foliated eclogite. The significant increase in total Fe and Fe3+ contents in omphacite and clinozoisite/epidote from massive to foliated eclogite suggests changes in mineral compositions accompanied by an increase in oxygen fugacity during ductile deformation associated with exhumation. The LPO transition of omphacite, clinozoisite and rutile from weak SL‐type in massive eclogites to strong SL‐type in foliated eclogites is interpreted to represent the increment of shear strain during exhumation along the ‘subduction channel’. 相似文献
34.
Yarrow Axford Camilla S. Andresen John T. Andrews Simon T. Belt Áslaug Geirsdóttir Guillaume Massé Gifford H. Miller Sædís Ólafsdóttir Lindsay L. Vare 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(6):645-656
Geochemical, mineralogical and biological indicators preserved in sediments are widely used to reconstruct past climate change, but proxies differ in the degree to which their utility as climate indicators has been validated via laboratory experiments, modern spatial calibrations, or down‐core comparisons with instrumental climate data. Multi‐proxy studies provide another means of evaluating interpretations of proxies. This paper presents a multi‐proxy assessment comparing 19 sub‐centennially resolved late Holocene proxy records, covering the period 300–1900 AD, from seven Icelandic marine and lacustrine core sites. We employ simple statistical comparisons between proxy reconstructions to evaluate their correlations over time and, ultimately, their utility as proxies for regional climate. Proxies examined include oxygen isotopic composition of benthic and planktonic foraminifera, abundance of the sea‐ice biomarker IP25, allochthonous quartz in marine sediments (a proxy for drift ice around Iceland), marine carbonate abundance, total organic carbon concentration, chironomid assemblages, lacustrine biogenic silica and carbon/nitrogen ratios in lake sediments. Most of the examined proxy records, including temperature and sea‐ice proxies, correlate strongly with each other over multi‐centennial timescales, and thus do appear to record changes in regional climate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
35.
Anna J. Pieńkowski Peta J. Mudie John H. England John N. Smith Mark F. A. Furze 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(8):839-853
Boxcore 99LSSL‐001 (68.095° N, 114.186° W; 211 m water depth) from Coronation Gulf represents the first decadal‐scale marine palynology and late Holocene sediment record for the southwestern part of the Northwest Passage. The record was studied for organic‐walled microfossils (dinoflagellate cysts, non‐pollen palynomorphs), pollen, terrestrial spores, and sediment characteristics. 210Pb, 137Cs, and three accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates constrain the chronology. Three prominent palaeoenvironmental zones were identified. During the interval AD 1470–1680 (Zone I), the climate was warmer and wetter than at present, and environmental conditions were more favourable to biological activity and northward boreal forest migration, with reduced sea‐ice and a longer open‐water (growing) season. The interval AD 1680–1940 (Zone II) records sea‐ice increase, and generally cool, polar conditions during the Little Ice Age. During AD 1940–2000 (Zone III), organic microfossils indicate an extended open‐water season and decreased sea‐ice, with suggested amelioration surpassing that of Zone I. Although more marine studies are needed to place this record into an appropriate context, the succession from ameliorated (Zone I) to cooler, sea‐ice influenced conditions (Zone II) and finally to 20th‐century warming (Zone III) corresponds well with several terrestrial climatic records from the neighbouring mainland and Victoria Island, and with lower‐resolution marine records to the west. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
This paper discusses the use of a vibration-based technique for damage detection in metal and composite plate wrappings for pier foundation repairs. The SLSE (Scanning Laser-Strain Energy) method relies on full-field laser modal scanning and strain energy computation to establish damage locations within composite wrappings. Strain energy distribution relies on segmental derivation of detected deflection shapes; hence, large numbers of spatial data points are required. By providing high spatial data density, laser scanner complement nicely with the damage detection technique. Using an aluminum plate and a composite plate, results from a baseline scan test is presented in this paper to demonstrate the show the high potential of this technique for detecting damage in plates commonly used for structural repairs. 相似文献
37.
Katy A. Boon Peter Rostron Michael H. Ramsey 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2011,35(3):353-367
In the assessment of potentially contaminated land, the number of samples and the uncertainty of the measurements (including that from sampling) are both important factors in the planning and implementation of an investigation. Both parameters also effect the interpretation of the measurements produced, and the process of making decisions based upon those measurements. However, despite their importance, previously there has been no method for assessing if an investigation is fit‐for‐purpose with respect to both of these parameters. The Whole Site Optimised Contaminated Land Investigation (WSOCLI) method has been developed to address this issue, and to allow the optimisation of an investigation with respect to both the number of samples and the measurement uncertainty, using an economic loss function. This function was developed to calculate an ‘expectation of (financial) loss’, incorporating costs of the investigation itself, subsequent land remediation, and potential consequential costs. To allow the evaluation of the WSOCLI method a computer program ‘OCLISIM’ has been developed to produce sample data from simulated contaminated land investigations. One advantage of such an approach is that as the ‘true’ contaminant concentrations are created by the program, these values are known, which is not the case in a real contaminated land investigation. This enables direct comparisons between functions of the ‘true’ concentrations and functions of the simulated measurements. A second advantage of simulation for this purpose is that the WSOCLI method can be tested on many different patterns and intensities of contamination. The WSOCLI method performed particularly well at high sampling densities producing expectations of financial loss that approximated to the true costs, which were also calculated by the program. WSOCLI was shown to produce notable trends in the relationship between the overall cost (i.e., expectation of loss) and both the number of samples and the measurement uncertainty, which are: (a) low measurement uncertainty was optimal when the decision threshold was between the mean background and the mean hot spot concentrations. (b) When the hot spot mean concentration is equal to or near the decision threshold, then mid‐range measurement uncertainties were optimal. (c) When the decision threshold exceeds the mean of the hot spot, mid‐range measurement uncertainties were optimal. The trends indicate that the uncertainty may continue to rise if the difference between hot spot mean and the decision threshold increases further. (d) In any of the above scenarios, the optimal measurement uncertainty was lower if there is a large geochemical variance (i.e., heterogeneity) within the hot spot. (e) The optimal number of samples for each scenario was indicated by the WSOCLI method, and was between 50 and 100 for the scenarios considered generally; although there was significant noise in the predictions, which needs to be addressed in future work to allow such conclusions to be clearer. 相似文献
38.
Mark C. Phillipson Rohinton Emmanuel Paul H Baker 《Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change》2016,7(4):590-599
Weathering of materials leads to degradation of the fabric of buildings which if left unchecked will lead to an increase in the rate, and possibly severity, of degradation. Adjustments to maintenance regimes could accommodate marginal changes to degradation rate. However, for significant increases in degradation rate, adaptations may be required. Globally, any new deterioration mechanisms are unlikely. However, in the future previously insignificant problems may start to become significant at a local level, for which there is a lack of local knowledge or experience. Adaptation in the context of existing buildings is a means to further protect the existing fabric, to consolidate performance and control the rate of deterioration. This adaptation goes beyond the scope of enhanced maintenance. For historic buildings, there will be tension between the need to conserve the building and simultaneously adapt in the face of increased climate change driven weathering. Impact studies are needed to identify priorities for adaptation by identifying the scale and impact of degradation‐related defects for the future building stock. Such studies need to be integrated with authoritative information on projected future climate. Adaptation of building design is needed to ensure new buildings consider performance in both current and future climates. A whole‐life approach to building design is needed. To achieve this building standards, building codes need to be developed which consider future climate design. Traditional vernacular styles may offer an opportunity for learning design lessons and adapting design practices that could help facilitate appropriate climate protection. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:590–599. doi: 10.1002/wcc.398 This article is categorized under:
- Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
39.
40.
R H WILDE 《New Zealand geographer》1996,52(1):12-20
This paper describes four methods of rapidly mapping vegetation using satellite imagery, for use in updating the vegetation layer of the New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (NZLRI). The visual interpretation method was tested in a 500 km2 study area on the North Island west coast where 3 6 NZLRI vegetation classes occurred. Sixteen distinct groups of NZLRI vegetation classes were identified on Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, and named “image classes”. Classes were identified by correlating ground data with image colour and texture and by using recognisable landform and cultural features. A limited number of vegetation changes have occurred since NZLRI mapping was first carried out. Updating the vegetation layer of the NZLRI requires recognising and mapping changes and modifying the database. Identifying distinctive groups of NZLRI vegetation classes on satellite imagery will facilitate this. 相似文献