A survey of coronal holes and their solar wind associations throughout sunspot cycle 20

To gain insight into the relationships between solar activity, the occurrence and variability of coronal holes, and the association of such holes with solar wind features such as high-velocity streams, a study of the period 1963–1974 was made. This period corresponds approximately with sunspot cycle 20. The primary data used for this work consisted of X-ray and XUV solar images obtained from rockets. The investigation revealed that:

1. The polar coronal holes prominent at solar minimum, decreased in area as solar activity increased and were small or absent at maximum phase. This evolution exhibited the same phase difference between the two hemispheres that was observed in other indicators of activity.
2. During maximum, coronal holes occurred poleward of the sunspot belts and in the equatorial region between them. The observed equatorial holes were small and persisted for one or two solar rotations only; some high latitude holes had lifetimes exceeding two solar rotations.
3. During 1963–74 whenever XUV or X-ray images were available, nearly all recurrent solar wind streams of speed ?500 km s^?1 were found associated with coronal holes at less than 40° latitude; however some coronal holes appeared to have no associated wind streams at the Earth.

     

The strength of the Sun's polar fields

The magnetic field strength within the polar caps of the Sun is an important parameter for both the solar activity cycle and for our understanding of the interplanetary magnetic field. Measurements of the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field generally yield 0.1 to 0.2 mT near times of sunspot minimum. In this paper we report measurements of the polar fields made at the Stanford Solar Observatory using the Fe i line 525.02 nm. We find that the average flux density poleward of 55° latitude is about 0.6 mT peaking to more than 1 mT at the pole and decreasing to 0.2 mT at the polar cap boundary. The total open flux through either polar cap thus becomes about 3 × 10¹⁴ Wb. We also show that observed magnetic field strengths vary as the line-of-sight component of nearly radial fields.     

The volatile fraction of the cometary nucleus

In order to prepare a flyby mission to Comet Encke, six different sources of information on the possible chemical composition of the cometary nucleus are compared. These are: the neutral and charged radicals and molecules observed in cometary spectra; the chemical composition of type I carbonaceous chondrites; the meteor spectra; the metallic ions collected in the upper atmosphere and correlated with the meteor shower associated with Comet Encke; and finally the volatile molecules observed in a volatile-rich sample of lunar soil, that were interpreted as a possible cometary impact. Possible molecular abundances for the volatile fraction of Comet Encke are tentatively proposed.     

Adiabatic plasma convection in a dipole field: Variation of plasma bulk parameters with L

We here investigate the motion of particles in a dipole magnetic field under the assumption of conservation of the first two adiabatic invariants. The results are then combined with Liouville's theorem to obtain the variation of the distribution function, and hence the plasma bulk parameters with L-shell. A comparison of the numerical results with recently published analytical approximations is made. Finally, the results are used to describe the structure of the ring current plasma in the outer radiatoin zone, the effects of the Alfvén layers being quantitatively evaluated for a simple electric field model.     

The T Tauri star RU Lupi and its circumstellar surrounding

From simultaneous spectroscopic and photometric observations of the T Tauri star RU Lup, which was followed for nine consecutive nights, it was found that most if not all of the light variations observed on this star were caused by variable circumstellar extinction. The character and the time-scale of the variations imply that the variations are due to dust concentrations of stellar dimension crossing the line of sight to the star. The implications of this interpretation and its possible bearing on problems of protoplanetary systems are discussed.     

The thermal radiation of Saturn and its rings

Infrared observations of Saturn from 5 to 40 μm are described. There is intense limb brightening at 12.35 μm over the southern polar cap. The C ring is anomalously bright at 10 and 20 μm and has bluer (hotter) colours than the A and B rings. The ring spectra have been extrapolated beyond 40 μm and subtracted from low-resolution far-infrared measurements to show that the far-infrared spectrum of the disk of Saturn is qualitatively similar to that of Jupiter and that Saturn radiates 2.5 ± 0.6 times the energy it absorbs from the Sun.     

Galactic magnetic fields and their interactions with the gas and cosmic rays

(i) The controversy of dynamo or primordial origin of galactic magnetic fields is summarized and extended to show that the dynamo theory appears to fail. However, much more important than their origin are the characteristics of the fields and their interactions with the gas and cosmic rays. (ii) A passive magnetic field frozen into a turbulent plasma is not dissipated like a cloud of smoke (turbulent or eddy diffusion) as believed previously. On the contrary it is amplified exponentially until, within a few eddy periods, either the growing magnetic stresses halt the turbulence or the field becomes chaotic. Even if the Petschek reconnection mechanism operates, the field is always disordered to a scale <0.1L, whereL is the eddy dimension. The investigation may at last provide a semi-quantitative deductive theory of hydromagnetic eddies. (iii) It is concluded that the gas motions observed in our Galaxy are not convective but are mainly hydromagnetic waves or oscillations, with the magnetic field in control. The significance of this result is discussed in connection with the overall gas velocity field, the creation of stars and stellar systems, and with the origin and distribution of cosmic rays.