Turbulence fields in the lee of two‐dimensional transverse dunes simulated in a wind tunnel

The turbulence field of airflow in the lee of a dune has significant impacts on dune dynamics and related processes. We used particle image velocimetry in a wind tunnel simulation to obtain detailed velocity measurements in the lee of two‐dimensional transverse dune models, then used the results to analyse their turbulence fields. The dune models used in this study had a single lee angle of 30°, and a total of six stoss angles: 3°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°. We used vorticity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy to characterize the turbulence fields. These parameters were functions of stoss angle, wind velocity, distance from the dune crest and height above the ground surface. The stoss angles could generally be divided into two groups based on the profiles of mean velocity, turbulence and Reynolds stress. Stoss angles of 3° and 5° usually had similar profiles, and angles of 15°, 20° and 25° formed a second group with similar profiles. The profiles for the stoss angle of 10° were usually transitional and were intermediate between the two groups. Vorticity, Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy increased monotonically with increasing free‐stream wind velocity, but their variations with respect to the stoss angle were complex. The stoss angles of 15° and 20° had the maximum values of these three parameters, thus these angles may have special significance in dune development given the characteristics of the mean velocity fields and turbulence fields they produce within the lee airflow. It is the streamwise velocity component and its turbulence that determine the surface shear stress. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

中国部分省级城市地震危险度排名评述

《中国国家地理》2008年6期刊载的《中国部分省级城市地震危险度排名》引起社会巨大反响,相应提高了社会公众对于地震风险的警觉。文章提到影响地震危险度的3方面因素（导致灾害的强度因子、承灾体的脆弱性指数和响应能力）比较全面。但是中国部分省级城市地震危险度排名的数据不是来源于已经发表的学术论文,而是一篇硕士学位论文。分析表明：地震危险度和城市近源等效震级无关;脆弱性因子没有考虑抗震能力;响应能力也不包括疏散和救援力量等因素。因此认为《中国部分省级城市地震危险度排名）3C章的文字表述与图件的数据依据之间存在显著差别,中国部分省级城市地震危险度排名缺乏足够的科学性和严谨性。     

Physico-chemical characteristics and environmental significance of snow deposition on Haxilegen glacier No.51 in Tian Shan, China

Snow chemistry on the glaciers of alpine regions is a good indicator of atmospheric environmental change.We examine snow chemistry in three snowpits at different altitudes on the Haxilegen Glacier No.51,in the Kuitun River source,Tian Shan,China,during July-September 2004 to 2007.We use correlation analysis,factor analysis and sea-salt tracing methods to examine the characteristics and sources of major ions and mineral dust particles in the snow.Results show that mineral dust particles and major ions in the snow pits vary seasonally.During the Asian dust period in springtime,the concentration of mineral dust particles and major ions deposited in snow is high,while the concentration is relatively low during the non-dust period of summer and autumn.This may be caused by dust storm activity in central Asia.The order of major ionic concentrations in the snow packs was determined to be Ca2+ > SO42-> NH4+ > NO3-> Cl-> Na+ > Mg2+ > K+.Ca2+ was the dominant cation;SO42- was the dominant anion.We find,with the exception of NO3-,that the variabilities of ionic concentrations are highly correlated.Results show that the glacier region was significantly affected by dust activity and anthropogenic source.The major ions,especially Na+,originate from dust sources of central Asia and from the Ocean,transported by the westerly winds.     

基于无人船测量系统的水下地形测量研究与应用

随着测深技术、GNSS技术、高精密传感器集成化的发展,无人船测量系统为水下地形测量提供了新的思路。结合山东省高密市王吴水库,探讨了无人船水下地形测量的作业流程,通过对比分析,选择最优测线间距获取数据,通过差值分析进行精度评价,数据处理后对成果进行展示。研究区结果表明,无人船测量系统基于单波束测深在中型水库中的应用是十分理想的,测深数据质量较好,能够很好地反映库区的水下地形情况,无人船测量系统在水下地形测量中起着重要作用。     

长江宜昌段水系沉积物镉高值带成因

应用贡献因子和富集因子等方法对长江宜昌段水系沉积物Cd的来源进行研究,结果表明：研究区内地层对宜昌段水系沉积物Cd的贡献由大到小依次为：震旦系>二叠系>泥盆系>志留系;前震旦系、寒武系、奥陶系、三叠系、侏罗系和白垩系地层则对长江宜昌段Cd高值带的形成有一定的削弱作用。利用贡献因子、富集因子和MapGIS空间分析综合研究表明,震旦系和二叠系含矿富Cd地层的风化产物是长江宜昌段Cd高值带的主要自然来源。区内锌矿、煤矿和磷矿开采过程中的尾砂、废水的堆积和排放是长江宜昌段Cd高值带的重要人为污染源。     

塔里木盆地东部地区寒武系白云岩成因类型*

塔里木盆地东部地区（简称塔东地区）寒武系白云岩主要有泥-粉晶白云岩、细晶白云岩和中-粗晶白云岩。通过岩石学特征、有序度、碳氧同位素、锶同位素比值、阴极发光和微量元素等分析,认为该地区有4种成因的白云岩,即深水回流准同生白云岩、潮坪蒸发泵准同生白云岩、回流渗透白云岩以及深埋藏白云岩。不同类型的白云岩,其岩性及地球化学特征不同。深水回流准同生白云岩为泥-粉晶白云岩,分布在塔东盆地中,是附近的碳酸盐岩台地上蒸发浓缩形成的咸化海水在重力作用下沿海底回流到深水盆地中并使刚沉积不久的灰泥发生白云化而形成的。潮坪蒸发泵准同生白云岩亦为泥-粉晶白云岩,形成于台地潮坪环境。回流渗透白云岩为细晶白云岩,发育于潮坪准同生白云岩和蒸发岩之下。深埋藏白云岩为中-粗晶白云岩,是石灰岩在地下深处由循环流动的富含Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺的地层水白云化形成的,Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺主要来自于已经存在的白云岩的溶蚀,而非来自页岩压实排替出来的地层水。     

安徽董岭花岗岩类的构造特征及侵位机制

安徽怀宁董岭花岗岩类底辟滑覆构造体系是长江中下游地域独特的构造形式。花岗岩底辟构造是在中生代华北地块与扬子地块碰撞背景下通过气球膨胀机制侵位至盖层内(燕山期),形成了围绕董岭几何中心的环状或半环状接触变质和韧性变形岩块。该花岗岩类其内部变形明显,岩相分带、分期清晰,围岩顶盖保存完好,围岩变质均匀,变形强烈,滑覆断层发育,糜棱岩典型等为特征,是一个罕见的盖层中花岗岩类底辟构造。后期在其北侧和东侧被月山—白子山冲断岩块所超覆。     

地震油气储层的小样本卷积神经网络学习与预测

地震储层预测是油气勘探的重要组成部分,但完成该项工作往往需要经历多个环节,而多工序或长周期的研究分析降低了勘探效率.基于油气藏分布规律及其在地震响应上所具有的特点,本文引入卷积神经网络深度学习方法,用于智能提取、分类并识别地震油气特征.卷积神经网络所具有的强适用性、强泛化能力,使之可以在小样本条件下,对未解释地震数据体进行全局优化提取特征并加以分类,即利用有限的已知含油气井段信息构建卷积核,以地震数据为驱动,借助卷积神经网络提取、识别蕴藏其中的地震油气特征.将本方案应用于模型数据及实际数据的验算,取得了预期效果.通过与实际钻井信息及基于多波地震数据机器学习所预测结果对比,本方案利用实际数据所演算结果与实际情况有较高的吻合度.表明本方案具有一定的可行性,为缩短相关环节的周期提供了一种新的途径.

     

若干特殊地表风蚀的风洞实验研究

经风洞模拟实验,本文对四种特殊地表在净风和挟沙风情况下的风蚀特性,进行了定量的研究。揭示了原始地表结构受人为破坏后,其抗风蚀能力急剧降低的特点。探讨了风成沙粒配、戈壁风蚀平衡与风蚀有关的几个问题。