Unique isoprene oxidation products demonstrate chlorine atom chemistry occurs in the Houston,Texas urban area

As part of the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS), we studied the isoprene oxidation process under ambient conditions to discern the presence of chlorine atom (Cl) chemistry in the Houston, Texas urban area. By measuring chloromethylbutenone (CMBO) and an isomer of chloromethylbutenal (CMBA), we clearly observed sixteen episodes of active Cl chemistry during the 24-day experiment. Estimated median Cl concentration during each of these episodes was between the detection limit of ~10² atoms cm⁻³ and 50 _{- 30} ^{+ 70} ×10⁴ 50_{ - 30}^{ + 70} \times {10^4} atoms cm⁻³. Cl concentration during all the episodes averaged 7.6 _{- 2.0} ^{+ 4.7} ×10⁴ 7.6_{ - 2.0}^{ + 4.7} \times {10^4} atoms cm⁻³ and thus amounted to less than 3% of the OH concentration during the same periods. During the episodes, the fraction of oxidation chemistry initiated by Cl ranged from 3–43% and was strongly dependent on the quantity and type of hydrocarbons present in the atmosphere. Because of its intermittent presence and low concentration, Cl is not a broadly influential oxidant in the Houston, Texas urban area.     

江苏省城市专业气象服务系统

本文系统介绍了城市专业气象服务系统的设计思路、流程、功能特征和采用的Internet／Intranet（WWW）技术、Asp语言动态页面设计、自动化语音合成等技术,实现了Novell网、NT、9210网（气象卫星综合应用业务系统）、地面气象专线等联结采集实时气象信息和预报信息。系统具有应用、推广价值。     

2D equivalent linear site effect simulation: example applications to two deep valleys

In the framework of the Sismovalp European project, an equivalent linear 2D code was developed to compute the response of a valley to SH waves, using the discrete wave-number method proposed by Aki and Larner (Aki K, Larner KL (1970) J Geophys Res 75:5). To overcome the frequency upper bound limitation, the Aki and Larner’s method is combined with a one-dimensional computation using a classical multi-layer method (Aki K, Richards PG (1980) Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods, vols. 1 & 2. W.H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco). The so-called “Aki–Larner extended method” is associated to an iterative algorithm, as proposed by Seed and Idriss (Seed HB, Idriss IM (1969) Report No. EERC 70–10, Earthquake Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California) which accounts for the modulus and damping degradation using a linear visco-elastic model. A comparison of the results in the linear and the equivalent linear cases, for a magnitude 6.0 earthquake, shows that the account for the equivalent linear behaviour of the soil significantly reduces the amplification level, especially at frequencies higher than the fundamental resonance frequency of the site. In the case of site effects or microzonation studies devoted to produce design spectra for engineering structures, this can have a major impact on the associated results and costs, depending on the frequency of interest for the considered structure. As a first application of the developed technique, 2D equivalent linear Aki–Larner computations are used to perform the seismic microzonation study of the upper Rhone valley, in the Visp area (Switzerland), a typical 2D alpine valley. These investigations made it possible to determine site specific spectra, associated with different zones, to be used instead of the code spectra that do not take into account the local 2D amplification.     

双流机场低能见度天气预报方法研究

在信息量较大, 而预报对象与预报因子的关系又不清楚的状况下, 智能机器学习方法是解决这类问题的较好手段。利用1997—2001年成都站的常规探空资料和双流机场的地面观测资料, 使用支持向量机 (Support Vector Machines, 简称SVM) 方法, 选取多种核函数进行双流机场低能见度天气的预报建模试验。测试结果表明:以径向基函数和拉普拉斯函数构造的SVM预报模型实验效果最好, Ts评分分别为0.287和0.292, 远高于双流机场低能见度天气出现的频率 (0.155)。试验结果还表明:以径向基函数构造的SVM预报模型空报较多, 漏报较少; 而以拉普拉斯函数构造的SVM预报模型空报较少, 漏报较多。因此, 如果强调模型对低能见度天气预报的准确性, 则应采用以拉普拉斯函数构造的预报模型, 如果强调对低能见度天气的预防性, 则应采用以径向基函数构造的预报模型。     

Managing Depleting Gold Revenues in Mali: An Assessment of Policy Options

This paper analyzes the impact of medium-term policy options in the context of gold resources depletion in Mali. Using a recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model calibrated to a 2006 Malian Social Accounting Matrix, we assess the impact of gold resources depletion in Mali and two policy options: the adoption of the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) and a “borrow and invest” scenario consisting at boosting public investment by 5% points of GDP. The depletion of gold resources in Mali would cause a substantial fall in GDP growth, and lead to unsustainable fiscal path if the government were to keep its current pattern of spending. Adopting either the “borrow and invest” fiscal approach or the PIH is likely to generate higher growth and a more sustainable fiscal framework compared to the status quo.     

湖泊生态系统的水鸟监测意义

水鸟的多样性及其变化趋势是保护水鸟必需的信息,也是其柄息湿地环境质量的指示因子之一.本文综述了水鸟与湖泊生态系统关系的研究成果,认为水鸟的物种多样性与丰富度可以快速反映湖泊的水生植物、鱼类的生物量和湖泊水位、营养状况的变化,集群繁殖的食鱼水鸟可用于湖泊生态系统中持久性有毒化学污染物的生态监测;同时阐述了水鸟通过取食水生...     

小珊瑚藻藻红蛋白提取及其稳定性研究

以羟基磷灰石柱层析法从小珊瑚藻(Corallinapilulifera)中提取出藻红蛋白,其纯度可达A565/A280大于3,得率为0.173g/kg。该藻红蛋白在498nm和565nm处有两处荧光激发峰,为双峰型。荧光发射光谱检测表明藻红蛋白在pH5.0~10.0溶液中具有较高的稳定性,其中以pH6.0和pH10.0的稳定性最高。该藻红蛋白对光照敏感,光照度800lx照射17h后荧光基本消失。对氧化剂(H2O2)敏感,在9℃以0.1%的H2O2处理24h,荧光基本消失。藻红蛋白不耐高温,80℃处理0.5h,导致蛋白液褪色,荧光消失。     

Analysis of terrestrial naturally occurring radionuclides in soil samples from some areas of Sirsa district of Haryana,India using gamma ray spectrometry

The activity concentration and the gamma-absorbed dose rates of the terrestrial naturally occurring radionuclides (²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K) were determined in soil samples collected from ten different locations of Sirsa district of Haryana, using HPGe detector based on high-resolution gamma spectrometry system. The range of activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in the soil samples from the studied areas varies from 19.18 Bq kg⁻¹ (Moriwala) to 40.31 Bq kg⁻¹ (Rori), 59.43 Bq kg⁻¹ (Pipli) to 89.54 Bq kg⁻¹ (Fatehpur) and 223.22 Bq kg⁻¹ (Moriwala) to 313.32 Bq kg⁻¹ (SamatKhera) with overall mean values of 27.94, 72.75 and 286.73 Bq kg⁻¹ respectively. The absorbed dose rate calculated from activity concentration of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K ranges between 8.84 and 18.58, 37.02 and 55.78, and 9.24 and 12.97 nGy h⁻¹, respectively. The total absorbed dose in the study area ranges from 60.40 to 82.15 nGy h⁻¹ with an average value of 70.12 nGy h⁻¹. The calculated values of external hazard index (H _ex) for the soil samples of the study area range from 0.36 to 0.49 with an average value of 0.42.     

长江中下游宁芜火山岩盆地深部结构特征——来自反射地震的认识

宁芜火山岩盆地是长江中下游成矿带的重要组成部分,盆地内广泛产出玢岩型铁矿床。为探讨宁芜火山岩盆地深部结构,作者完成了三条穿越宁芜火山岩盆地的深反射地震剖面。三条剖面的长度不一,NW01剖面长度42km,NW02长56.3km,NW03长27.1km。三条剖面的排列长度都为720道,采样间隔2ms,记录长度16s。因为本文的主要研究对象是宁芜火山岩盆地上地壳的结构特征,因此只用了总记录长度的前4s数据。通过本次研究揭示了宁芜矿集区的上地壳精细结构、岩浆和断裂系统的空间展布形态。不仅验证了以往对盆地的部分认识,而且给出了新的认识。(1)发现了直接控制盆地火山-岩浆活动的南东和北西边界断裂并非人们经常认为的两大基底深断裂:方山-南陵断裂和长江断裂带,而是北西向F1和南东向F2断裂;(2)宁芜火山岩盆地以马鞍山-薛津断裂为界向北北东方向滑脱,造成了盆地南西高北东低的隆凹构造格局;(3)阐明了就位于盆地下方的为火山-岩浆活动提供补给和热源的岩浆房的空间展布特征;(4)清晰地厘定了盆地内的断裂系统,其中最主要的断裂是隐伏于宁芜火山岩盆地深部的控制深部岩浆活动的盆中基底断裂(BCF),控制着深部岩浆岩的空间展布格局并对宁芜火山岩盆地的地层和断裂系统有强烈地改造作用。本文的发现为宁芜火山岩盆地深部结构认识、成矿预测及成矿动力学分析提供了可借鉴的证据。     

Bristen granite: a highly differentiated,fluorite-bearing A-type granite from the Aar massif,Central Alps,Switzerland

Bristen granite is a body of fine-grained leucogranite occurring in the Gotthard rail base tunnel in the Central Alps. During construction of the tunnel, Bristen granite (Brgr) has been drilled along a 600 m long section. The aplite-granite belongs to the suite of Variscan granitoid intrusions of the Aar massif and contains a variety of accessory minerals typical of highly differentiated granites. Rock forming fluorite, partly enriched in yttrium (Y) and rare earth elements (REE), is intergrown with the late Y- and REE-bearing carbonate mineral synchysite. The granite contains a variety of Ti- and Y-REE-niobates, thorite, and zircon. Compared with the calc-alkaline central Aar granite (cAgr), Bristen granite is strongly depleted in Ti, P, Mg, Sr, and Ba and shows a remarkable enrichment in incompatible elements such as Rb, Th, U, Nb, Y, HREE and F. Bristen granite is the most evolved granitoid rock of the Aar massif. The composition of Brgr is typical of post-collisional reduced (ferroan) A-type granites. The Brgr melt formed in the lower crust and crystallized from a highly differentiated melt at the cotectic point in the quartz-feldspar system close to 100 MPa and 700 °C. The Brgr intruded as a small isolated stock pre-Variscan gneisses with sharply discordant contacts. The primary igneous host of Nb, Ta, Y, U, Th and REE is biotite in addition to minor amounts of allanite, and zircon. The presence of Y-REE-fluorite, synchysite, parisite and Y- and Ti-niobates and other REE-minerals can be related to reaction of igneous biotite and primary fluorite with hydrothermal fluids. The reaction is associated with alpine metamorphism, because Y-bearing fluorite and synchysite have been reported from Alpine fissures. The transformation of primary biotite to chlorite and muscovite released the heavy metal oxides under lower greenschist facies conditions that formed the Alpine diagnostic mineral stilpnomelane at about 300 °C.