The measurement and modelling of stemflow in an alpine Myricaria squamosa community

Stemflow is an important hydrological process of rainfall partitioning, but it has rarely been studied in the alpine riparian shrub Myricaria squamosa in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study aimed to measure and model the stemflow of the unstudied M. squamosa and to identify the key controlling factors of stemflow yield. Correlations and stepwise regression analysis between stemflow and five meteorological and ten biological factors indicated that the rainfall amount and the aboveground biomass were the best variables for modelling and predicting stemflow. We used the best model to estimate annual and stand stemflow, as well as rainfall threshold for stemflow generation. Annual stemflow accounted for 2.3 to 10.2% of the annual rainfall amount, varying with different vegetation coverage and leaf area index. The annual stemflow percentage increased linearly with the annual total rainfall amount of events > 7.3 mm. For M. squamosa stands, branches with diameters of 10 to 25 mm were less frequent but contributed much more stemflow than branches with diameters smaller than 10 mm. The stemflow percentage increased sharply with increasing rainfall amounts when the rainfall amounts were less than 4, 8 or 13 mm for the M. squamosa stands with coverage of 32.6, 47.6 or 56.1%, respectively, but increased gently when the rainfall amounts were greater than these values. The rainfall threshold for stemflow generation decreased as the branch aboveground biomass increased, and the estimated median value of the rainfall threshold was 0.8 mm for M. squamosa stands, with a range of 3.0 to 0.4 mm for branches weighing 10 to 300 g, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松辽盆地大安油田下白垩统泉头组四段特低渗—超低渗储集层成岩作用定量研究*

利用普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性分析、测井解释和粒度分析等资料,对松辽盆地大安油田下白垩统泉头组四段特低渗—超低渗储集层成岩作用类型、成岩作用强度及其影响因素等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)压实作用是导致大安油田泉四段特低渗—超低渗储集层物性变差最主要的成岩作用。研究区储集层压实程度为中等,压实破坏程度与储集层复合砂体厚度、分选系数、泥质含量等参数具有较好的相关性。(2)胶结作用是研究区储集层物性变差的又一重要因素。区内胶结作用强度较弱,胶结作用减孔率与相对构型界面的位置、石英绝对含量、碎屑组分含量和杂基含量等因素具有明显的相关性。(3)溶蚀作用对区内储集层物性的改善程度相对较小。溶蚀作用增孔率与复合砂体厚度、杂基含量具有一定的相关性。压实、胶结、溶蚀作用对储集层物性改造程度影响因素的分析结果,反映砂体的垂向叠置关系、河道厚度规模、水动力强度等沉积特征对成岩作用类型及其强度有一定的控制作用。     

南海北部陆坡表层沉积物氨氧化古菌多样性初探

基于南海北部陆坡不同深度梯度3个站位表层沉积物古菌氨单加氧酶基因（amoA）文库,对3个站位氨氧化古菌进行多样性和系统发育学分析。多种方法构建的系统发育树表明：3个站位所有的amoA基因序列都隶属于奇古菌门中Group I分枝内的Group I.1a系群,且各站位之间氨氧化古菌多样性没有明显的差异。501站位黑色砂质沉积物中古菌amoA基因与该站位的16S rRNA基因的系统发育比对显示：这2种基因标记的系统发育树整体上具有潜在的对应关系,说明对样品的氨氧化古菌多样性分析比较全面且可靠;并进一步暗示该样品中氨的硝化作用主要由奇古菌门下的Group I.1a系群来执行。由此可以推测：Group I.1a系群可能在南海北部表层沉积物中氮素的生物地球化学循环过程中扮演重要的角色。     

静水和滴水条件下碳酸盐岩溶解与主要元素释放规律初步研究

为进一步了解在静水和滴水条件下碳酸盐岩溶解与主要元素释放规律,文章选取在贵阳市花溪区贵州大学南校区、将军山、花溪水库三地分别采集的白云岩、灰质白云岩、石灰岩三类碳酸盐岩石为样本进行静水浸泡和动水滴溅试验,测定了静水与滴水条件下碳酸盐岩石的钾、磷、钙、镁四种主要元素的溶解量,结果表明:(1) 在相同室温25 ℃,浸泡时长到达20 d时,白云岩中四种元素溶解量均为最高,钾元素溶解量为0.001 38 μg/cm3、磷元素溶解量为0.000 6 μg/cm3、钙元素溶解量为199.75 μg/cm3、镁元素溶解量为70 μg/cm3,且三种碳酸盐岩石的钙元素溶解量分别为白云岩199.75 μg/cm3,灰质白云岩148.42 μg/cm3,石灰岩137.88 μg/cm3,远远高于其他三种元素的溶解量;（2）经过不同温度浸泡24 h后,三类碳酸盐岩石中钾元素的溶解量随温度的升高而增大,并且在10~20 ℃条件下钾元素溶解速率最大,但温度的变化对于磷元素的溶解量影响不大;岩样养分含量中白云岩的钾元素与石灰岩的磷元素含量最少,但是随着温度的升高,它们的溶解量却是最大的;（3）静水浸泡状态下白云岩中元素的溶解量多数较高,而在动水滴溅状态中除白云岩的镁元素比石灰岩和灰质白云岩的镁元素溶解量高,试验的其他三种元素钾、磷、钙元素中都是石灰岩溶解量高;在动水滴溅的作用下,随着滴溅时间的增加,石灰岩的钙元素溶解量仅1 h的滴溅时间就增加了2.55倍,超过了白云岩的钙元素溶解量。      

Characterization of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, northwest China: hydrochemical and environmental isotopes approaches

To characterize the groundwater in the Ejina Basin,surface and groundwater samples were collected in May and October of 2002.On-site analyses included temperature,electrical conductance(EC),total alkalinity(as HCO 3) by titration,and pH.Chemical analyses were undertaken at the Geochemistry Laboratory of the Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou,China.The pH of the groundwater ranged from 7.18 to 8.90 with an average value of 7.72,indicating an alkaline nature.The total dissolved solids(TDS) of the groundwater ranged from 567.5 to 5,954.4 mg/L with an average of 1,543.1 mg/L and a standard deviation of 1,471.8 mg/L.According to the groundwater salinity classification of Robinove et al.(1958),47.4 percent of the samples were brackish and the remainder were fresh water.The ion concentration of the groundwater along the riverbed and near the southern margin of the basin were lower than those farther away from the riverbed.The groundwater in the study area was of Na +-HCO 3 type near the bank of the Heihe River and in the southern margin of the basin,while Na +-SO 4 2-Cl type samples were observed in the terminal lake region.In the desert area the groundwater reached a TDS of 3,000-6,000 mg/L and was predominantly by a Na +-Cl chemistry.Br/Cl for the water of Ejina Basin indicates an evaporite origin for the groundwater with a strongly depleted Br/Cl ratio(average 0.000484).The surface water was slightly enriched in Br/Cl(average 0.000711) compared with groundwater.The calculated saturation index(SI) for calcite and dolomite of the groundwater samples range from 0.89 to 1.31 and 1.67 to 2.67 with averaged 0.24 and 0.61,respectively.About 97 percent of the groundwater samples were kinetically oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite,and all the samples were below the equilibrium state with gypsum.Using isotope and hydrochemical analyses,this study investigated the groundwater evolution and its residence time.The groundwater content was mainly determi     

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应用于火山活动监测的分布式光纤光栅传感技术

光纤光栅传感器作为一种新型的光纤传感器,具有体积小、可靠性高、耐腐蚀、抗电磁干扰能力强、易于组建传感网络等优点,现已广泛应用于航空航天、海洋探测、地质勘探等领域.已有学者将光纤传感器技术应用于地震监测,并取得较理想的效果.文中介绍了光纤布拉格光栅传感器( Fiber Bragg Grating,FBG)基本原理、火山活...     

关于国外地籍数据标准化建设的现状

地籍数据标准化是推动地籍数据共享的重要基础, 本文分析了国外地籍数据标准化的建设过程和地籍数据标准的内容, 对制定我国地籍数据标准规范提出建议.     

黄河三角洲海岸冲淤及泥沙输运模型数值模拟分析

黄河三角洲是陆海交界地带,陆地海洋相互作用显著,泥沙所引起的岸滩演变、港口航道的淤积、水动力环境的改变等问题比较复杂。该文采用三维HEM-3D数值模型对黄河三角洲海域流场变化、盐度、悬浮泥沙浓度及海岸冲淤分布进行了潮流周期内的数值模拟分析。结果表明,黄河三角洲海域的悬浮泥沙浓度分布与潮流场变化和河口泥沙输入有密切的关系,在三角洲北部受五号桩外强潮流区的影响,近岸海底的泥沙发生明显的再悬浮,并在涨潮流向南输送,含沙量达1.5 g/L左右。在三角洲南部(现行河口区域和莱州湾区域),受现行河口入海泥沙扩散的影响显著。海域年冲淤分布,在北部废弃三角洲区域,由于海洋动力作用强烈,浅水冲刷,海底侵蚀显著,形成了明显呈沿岸展布的侵蚀中心,在侵蚀中心以外,侵蚀快速减弱。在现行河口区域,以淤积为主,在羽状流扩散的控制下,泥沙入海后向南输运,至莱州湾区域逐渐减弱。数值模拟的结果与卫星遥感解译的岸线变化基本一致,效果良好。