Spatial and temporal variation of drought index in a typical steep alpine terrain in Hengduan Mountains

This study describes the spatial and temporal variation of a drought index and makes inferences regarding the environmental factors that influence this variability in the Hengduan Mountains. A drought index is typically used to determine the moisture conditions and the magnitude of water deficiency in a given area. Based on data from 26 meteorological stations over the period 1960-2012, the spatial and temporal variations of the drought index were analyzed using a thin plate smoothing splines method that considered elevation as a covariate. The drought index was estimated based on the potential evapotranspiration (E₀) as defined by the Penman Monteith model modified by FAO (1998). The results of the reported analysis showed that the drought index in the Hengduan Mountains has been decreasing since 1960 at a rate of -0.008/a. This represented a progressive shift from the "sub-humid" class, which typified the wider area in the Hengduan Mountains, toward the "humid" class, which appeared in the Hengduan Mountains areas. The drought index was relatively high in the north and low in the south and the variation of the drought index varied with seasons. The drought index showed increasing trends in summer and autumn and it is greater in autumn than in summer, while it showed a decreasing trend in spring and winter. Drought index is inversely proportional to the soil relative humidity and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio on the growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile turbot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis>)

A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio(CHO:LIP) on the growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus(initial body weight 8.75 g ± 0.04 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic low protein level(39%) diets were formulated with increasing ratios of dietary carbohydrate to lipid(2:18, 6:18, 18:12 and 28:6). A high protein level(50%) diet with the 2:12 ratio of carbohydrate to lipid was used as the control. Results showed that the survival rate, contents of moisture, crude protein and ash in muscle were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. With the dietary CHO:LIP ratio increased from 2:18 to 18:12, weight gain rate significantly increased(P < 0.05). Higher dietary CHO:LIP ratio(28:6) resulted in the significantly decreased weight gain rate(P < 0.05). Meanwhile, this treatment also resulted in the highest daily feed intake and liver glycogen content, as well as the lowest feed efficiency(P < 0.05). Muscle glycogen content in fish fed the diet with 2:12 or 2:18 CHO:LIP ratio was significantly lower than those fed with the other three diets(P < 0.05). The present results confirmed that the juvenile turbot can utilize carbohydrate. Furthermore, the appropriate ratio of dietary carbohydrate to lipid was important to the growth and feed utilization of turbot. The proper CHO:LIP ratio based on the growth performance in the present study was determined to be 18:12 when the dietary protein level was 39%.     

渗透性与降雨强度对堆积层滑坡稳定性的影响

本文基于非饱和渗流理论及非饱和土的Fredlund双应力变量强度理论,对一沿岩土接触面滑动的堆积层滑坡模型,分别进行了8种条件下的降雨入渗数值模拟试验,研究了不同土体渗透性及降雨强度对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)堆积层滑坡的稳定性与土体的渗透性有密切关系,在降雨后的短期内,土体渗透性越好,滑面孔隙水压力升高越明显,滑坡的稳定性降低程度越大;(2)降雨期间,埋深较浅的滑面,入渗雨水能够较快到达,对滑坡稳定性的影响较大;(3)在相同的降雨时间内,降雨强度越大,滑坡稳定性降低速率越快;(4)降雨强度影响着滑坡发生的滞后性,在降雨总量一定的条件下,若降雨强度较大,雨停后,滑坡稳定性继续下降的程度较大;(5)降雨总量控制着滑坡的最终稳定性。     

四川盆地区域性暴雨过程的识别及时空变化特征

利用四川盆地104个县级气象站逐日降水量资料,建立了新的四川盆地区域性暴雨过程识别方法,并分析了其时空变化特征。研究结果表明:新的区域性暴雨过程识别方法可以排除孤立暴雨站点的影响,快速准确的识别出区域性暴雨过程。1961—2013年四川盆地共计发生区域性暴雨过程216次,与历史灾情资料在发生时间、范围和强度上都有很好的对应关系。1961—2013年四川盆地区域性暴雨过程次数呈逐渐减少的趋势。区域性暴雨过程综合强度在1991—2013年波动幅度有所增大,并出现逐渐增强的趋势,这可能与区域性暴雨过程持续时间变长和累积雨量增加有关。使用旋转正交函数(REOF)方法对区域性暴雨过程频数进行分区研究,发现最常见的是盆西北型,其次是盆东北型,盆南型出现频次相对最少。3种类型的区域性暴雨过程随时间变化差异明显,尤其近20年盆西北型有逐渐减少的趋势,盆东北型有逐渐增多的趋势,而盆南型则无明显的变化趋势。     

CINRAD/SA雷达标定技术研究

从雷达数据质量需求出发,在4个方面对CINRAD/SA标定技术进行了研究。1结合雷达回波强度定标原理,分析了目前回波强度定标过程中存在的问题,在此基础上详细制定了回波强度定标测试方法、操作步骤和技术要求,实现了SA雷达回波强度定标方法和操作流程的规范化、标准化,从而消除将人为因素或测试原因引入雷达系统造成定标误差。2对全省雷达波导长度进行实际测量,并修正了各雷达发射支路馈线损耗出厂测试数据;研制了能注入微波信号的专用测试波导,实现台站准确测量出SA雷达收、发支路馈线的实际损耗数值,应用于雷达回波强度定标中。3将太阳作为微波信号源,根据发布的太阳能流密度等数据,结合实际测量接收到的太阳射电功率,来检验全链路雷达接收系统回波强度。4取相邻雷达等距离线(中点)的低仰角同步观测反射率因子数据,开展两部雷达、多部雷达对比观测检验等。从而提高了回波强度定标的客观性和一致性,更好地为组网雷达提供一致性的雷达数据。     

扬子西缘江浪穹窿核部里伍岩群的形成时代及构造背景

江浪穹窿位于扬子陆块西缘,核部地层里伍岩群为一套变质的火山-沉积岩系。为精确厘定里伍岩群的形成时代并探讨其成岩构造背景,本文进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学以及岩石地球化学研究。定年结果表明变沉积岩中碎屑锆石年龄介于2521~262 Ma,其中最年轻一组岩浆成因锆石的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为552.8±5.7 Ma(MSWD=2.1,n=6)。变沉积岩SiO_2含量变化很大(53.48%~96.08%),显示明显的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.50~0.67),相对富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba和U等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti等),其稀土、微量配分模式与大陆上地壳完全一致。变基性火山岩具有很低的SiO_2含量(39.92%~48.27%),其稀土、微量配分模式平坦,类似于E-MORB。结合变基性火山岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果(542±9.0 Ma),本文指出里伍岩群应当形成于新元古代晚期(553~542 Ma),而并非前人所认为的古元古代或中元古代。变沉积岩的物源区主要为扬子西缘新元古代地质体,与变基性火山岩均形成于Gondwana超大陆聚合之后的板片俯冲环境。此外,碎屑锆石的年龄谱反映江浪穹窿可能存在太古宙—古元古代变质基底,并且具有Rodinia超大陆的会聚-裂解事件以及加里东运动的地质年龄记录。